Ch 4: Infancy (Birth to 24 Months Old) Flashcards
Breast milk should be the only nutrient fed to infants until ____
4-6 months of age
The AAP recommends breastfeeding for at least ____, and the WHO recommends for at least _____.
AAP – 1 year
WHO — 2 years
benefits to breastfeeding for infant
less diarrhea, fewer ear and urinary tract infections, fewer disease, lower obesity rate, lower incidences of SIDS
benefits to breastfeeding for mother
decreased postpartum bleeding, more rapid uterine involution, and decreased menstrual blood during mostly cycles
AAP recommends that juice not be introduced to infants younger than ____ of age
6 months
Solids should not be introduced to an infant until he or she is able to ____. Typically occurring between ____ of age.
sit alone and can grab for items to put into mouth; 4-6 months
How should simple basic foods be introduced to an infant ____ every ____
one at a time; every 2 to 3 days
Within _____ months of beginning solid foods, the infant’s daily diet can consist of _____.
2 to 3 months; breast milk, cereal, veggies, fruits and meats
Foods need to be ________ rather than in one sitting
spread throughout the course of the day
Infants and toddles grow in ____, meaning they grow for _____, often at night and then ___.
spurts; several days; rest
Physical development: at birth the ____ system if more developed than the ____ system.
sensory; motor
At birth the visual field depth is about ____
8 inches; the distance to a parent’s face when being held
T/F: baby only see black and white
true
Baby see color around ___
3 months
Babys prefer to look at _______, _____ oriented
faces; correctly
At ___ months able to distinguish genders
3 months
Fetus turns toward source of sound at ____ weeks.
20
T/F: able at birth to distinguish between mothers voice and others.
True
Taste buds form at ___ weeks and well formed before birth
12
T/F: newborns show preference regarding smells
True
T/F: newborns can’t distinguish between sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and savory
False
T/F: premature and high-risk infants gain more weight when their parents hold them skin-to-skin against their chests.
True
Moro reflect (startle reflex)
in reaction to a loud noise the baby throws out arms and legs, lengthens neck, and then drawn arms back into the chest
Rooting reflex or sucking reflex
Baby’s natural instinct to search for and suckle for nutrition
Grasp reflex
Baby wraps fingers tightly around anything that touches palm
Babies typically develop in the following order: (9)
- able to hold chest and head up while lying on stomach
- able to roll over
- able to sit with support
- able to sit alone
- able to crawl
- able to stand holding on to something
- able to walk when led
- able to stand alone
- able to walk alone
T/F: newborn’s can discriminate speech sounds, and prefer mother’s voice.
True
Babbling at around 5 months prerequisite for later speech. T/F
True
T/F: it’s not important for parents to encourage or respond to babbling
False
T/F: listening to TV and other media aids in language development
False
define identity
a person’s self-definition that focuses on enduring traits of self
T/F: infants learn who they are and how they are perceived by how they are treated
True
define emotional development
a child’s ability to recognize, express, and regulate emotions
define social referencing
the ability to observe and understand emotional cues of others and then to use those cues to guide personal behavior
define temperament
an individual’s personality, disposition, and tendencies
what are the 9 dimensions of temperament
- activity level
- biological rhythms
- approach/withdrawal
- mood
- intensity of reaction
- sensitivity
- adaptability
- distractibility
- persistence
3 types of temperament
easy temperament
difficult temperament
slow to warm
Which temperament?
cheerful, recover fairly quickly to changes in routine, have regular biological rhythms, are moderately active
Easy temperament
Which temperament?
tend to be fussy, have intense emotional reactions, are fearful of new situations
Difficult temperament
Which temperament?
are passive, need time to adjust to new situations, withdraw or negatively react to new situations
Slow to Warm
The ability to regulate and attend to emotions and behaviors
self-regulation
4 attachment styles
- Securely attached
- Anxious-resistant
- Avoidant-attached
- Disorganized-disoriented
The emotional bond between the child and caregivers
Attachment
Which attachment style?
Seem to feel safe and protected, seek parent after separation, go to the parent for comfort, feel safe to explore their environment, are more socially competent
Securely attached (easy temp kids)
Which attachment style?
Are fearful to explore the environment, stay close to their caregiver because of the adult’s inconsistent responses to the child’s distress
Anxious-resistant (clingy kids)
Which attachment style?
See caregivers as being unavailable; learn to suppress their negative emotions of distress; often struggle socially because they seem to prefer playing with objects rather then with people
Avoidant-attached (quite kids)
Which attachment style?
Often appear dazed and confused when with caregiver, this behavior is typically a result of abuse or neglect
Disorganized-disoriented
T/F: spoiled infants will later exhibit conduct problems and need to be taught to respect authority
F
T/F: infants under 1 year of age can be spoiled
F
T/F: the more responsive a parent is the less spoiled the baby will be
T
T/F: children with secure attachments are more independent than those who are insecurely attached
T
Positive attachment can be fostered by teaching parents to:
set up daily routines, encouraging them to respond to baby’s cues, follow baby’s cues
Parents who struggle with bonding may also:
have emotional problems, have drug or alcohol problems, experience high levels of stress
T/F: parents who are, themselves, products of insecure attachment may struggle with bonding
T
What to look for in quality day care
- characterists of caregiver
- staffing ratios and turnovers
- environment of setting
- services provided
- personal interactions with caregiver
4 kinds of infant sleep patterns
- awake – eyes opening and closing
- active sleep – movement of arms, legs, irregular breathing, eye movement
- quite sleep – regular breathing, no REM
- transitional sleep –anything other then 1-3
3 sleep management techniques
- Extinction (cry it out)
- Ferber method (modified/graduated extinction)
- Immediate responding
As infants age, their duration of ___ sleep compared to ___ sleep increases
active; quite