Review Flashcards
What is special about water?
liquid water is more dense than solid water so it is favoured at elevated pressures (freezing point is depressed at elevated pressures)
glycine
G
alanine
A
valine
V
methionine
M
leucine
L
isoleucine
I
proline
P
phenylalanine
F
tryptophan
W
serine
S
threonine
T
asparagine
N
glutamine
Q
cysteine
C
tyrosine
Y
aspartic acid
D
glutamic acid
E
histidine
H
arginine
R
lysine
K
Polar AAs
serine threonine asparagine glutamine cysteine tyrosine
Broca’s area
language production
damage causes non-fluent aphasia
Wernicke’s area
language comprehension
damage causes fluent aphasia
What does an aldol condensation result in?
a beta-hydroxy carbonyl compound
What is the difference between non-competitive and allosteric inhibition of enzymes?
they are the same!
What is glycogen phosphorylase used for?
and phosphate to glycogen when breaking it DOWN
What kind of hormone does thyroid hormone act like?
steroid
What kind of hormone does epinephrine act like?
peptide
para long pre
pre-synaptic parasympathetic neurons are long (post are short)
When do gases not act ideal?
low temp and high pressure
remember: “real world is less than ideal” (pressure and volume of empty space)
What are ideal fluids?
incompressible and not viscous
xenophobia
fear of that perceived to be foreign
What are contemporaries?
people that lived at the SAME TIME
What does DNA gyrase do?
supercoils bacteria DNA
What is hemostasis?
stopping flow of blood (usually talking about clotting)
What are antagonist vs agonist drugs?
antagonist drugs inhibit something
agonist drugs activate something
What is anomie?
when a there is a lack of social norms, which leads to a breakdown in the connection between an individual and their community
What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?
physiological then emotional
What is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?
physiological and emotional at the same time
What are the “I” and the “me” in Mead’s theory of identity?
I is spontaneous and autonomous
me is formed in social interactions with others
What is a microfilament?
actin
Is removing entropic penalty favorable?
yes
What is proactive interference?
when old memories impede new ones
What is retroactive interference?
when new memories impede old ones
What do you want in a PCR primer?
GC at both ends
high GC content
What is suppression?
consciously withholding memories
What is repression?
unconsciously withholding memories
What is ethnocentrism?
tendency to look at other cultures through our culture’s perspective
What is the left side of the brain mainly used for?
linguistic abilities
Where does the left visual field go in the brain?
the RIGHT side
Which way do electric field lines point?
from positive to negative i.e. point at negative
never cross
are more dense near the the charge
When does a precipitate form?
when Q >Ksp
What are bigger positive or negative ions?
negative are larger
What do COOH and OH make? What is it called when it is cyclic?
ester, cyclic=lactone
What affects resistance?
resistivity, length, area, (temperature affects resisitivity as well)
Do you want a binding constant to be high? What about Km?
binding constant yes
Km no
What are the y and x intercepts on a Lineweaver-Burk plot? Slope?
y-int is 1/Vmax
x-int is 1/Km
slope is Km/Vmax
Where is OH stretching on an IR spectrum?
3200-3500
Where is CO stretching on an IR spectrum?
1700-1750
Where is CC double bond stretching on an IR spectrum?
1580-1610
What kind of lens do you use to correct for myopia?
diverging/concave
What kind of lens do you use to correct for hyperopia?
converging/convex
What does ultrasound use to produce images?
the doppler effect, thus you need to know the speeds and frequencies
When is work positive?
between 0 and 90 degrees
When is work negative?
between 90 and 180 degrees
How does work affect the potential energy of a system?
positive work done BY the system decreases Pe
positive work done ON the system increases Pe
and vice versa
What happens in an elastic collision?
Ke is conserved
What happens in an inelastic collision?
Ke is not conserved
What happens in a perfectly inelastic collision?
objects stick together, have the same final velocity
What is an electric dipole?
when electric field doesn’t equal 0, but the electric potential does
creates a very strong electric field
What is the electric field inside a conductor?
zero
What do capacitors in parallel have that is the same?
voltage
What do capacitors in series have that is the same?
charge
What cause electrons to flow?
a difference in electric potential
What direction is I? (current)
always OPPOSITE the flow of electrons
What is magnetic field strength measured in?
Tesla or Gauss
10^-4 T = 1 Ga
Explain the right hand rule for finding Fb
positive charge
thumb along v
fingers along B
direction of Fb is coming out of palm
Explain the right hand rule for finding B
thumb along I
fingers curl in the direction of B
Which direction do magnetic field lines point?
North to South
What does wave speed depend on?
type and medium NOT frequency
Where do longitudinal waves move fastest? What is an example?
in solid
i.e. sound waves
Where do transverse waves move fastest?
in a vacuum
i.e. light (electromagnetic waves)
What does “RIP VUN” stand for?
real, inverted, positive i
virtual, upright, negative i
What forms from the ectoderm?
entire nervous system pituitary glands adrenal medulla cornea and lens epidermis of skin and derivatives (nails, hair, sweat glands, sensory receptors) nasal, oral, anal epithelium
What forms from the mesoderm?
all muscle, bone and connective tissue
entire cardiovascular and lymphatic system, including blood
urogenital organs (kidneys, ureters, gonads, reproductive ducts)
dermis of skin
What forms from the endoderm?
GI tract epithelium (except mouth and anus)
GI glands (liver, pancreas etc)
respiratory epithelium
epithelial lining of urogenital organs and ducts
urinary bladder
What are the stages of embryogenesis?
fertilization (zygote) cleavage (morula) blastulation (trophoblast and inner cell mass) gastrulation (germ layers, gastrula) neurulation (nervous system) parturition
Type I muscle fibers
slow twitch red slow twitch/red oxidative slow contraction low force many mitochondria very dense capillaries resistant to fatigue hours of use
Type IIA muscle fibers
intermediate/fast twitch oxidative intermediate contraction medium force some mitochondria medium capillaries medium resistance to fatigue 30 min use
Type IIB muscle fibers
white fast twitch very fast contraction high force very few mitochondria and capillaries low resistance to fatigue 1 min use
What does peptide YY do?
reduces appetite
What do chief cells secrete?
pepsinogen
What do parietal cells secrete?
HCl
Where is CCK secreted from?
epithelial cells in the duodenum
What cells have MHCI?
all nucleated cells
What cells have MCHII?
only antigen presenting cells (macrophages and B-cells)
Freud first stage
oral stage
0 to 1
erogneous zone is the mouth
Freud second stage
anal stage
1 to 3
erogenous zone is the anus i.e. bladder and bladder control
Freud third stage
phallic stage
3 to 6
erogenous zone is the genitals
adult fixation results in the Oedipus or Electra complex
Freud fourth stage
latency stage
6 to 12
sexual feelings are dormant
Freud fifth stage
genital stage
12+
sexual interests mature
Erikson first stage
infancy
trust vs mistrust
Erikson second stage
early childhood
autonomy vs shame
Erikson third stage
preschool age
initiative vs guilt
Erikson fourth stage
school age
industry vs inferiority
Erikson fifth stage
adolescence
identity vs role confusion
Erikson sixth stage
young adulthood
intimacy vs isolation
Erikson seventh stage
middle age
generativity vs stagnation
Erikson eighth stage
later life
integrity vs despair
explicit memory
declarative memory
memory with conscious recall
consists of episodic and semantic memory
implicit memory
non declarative memory
memory without conscious recall
procedural memory is a type
Stage 1 of sleep
light theta waves slow rolling eye movements moderate activity fleeting thoughts
Stage 2 of sleep
light sleep spindle and k-complex no eye movement moderate activity increased relaxation decreased temp, heart rate and respiration
Stages 3 and 4 of sleep
deep delta waves no eye movement moderate activity heart and digestion slow growth hormones secreted
brain waves when you’re awake
beta
brain waves when you’re drowsy
alpha
components of the limbic system
thalamus hypothalamus frontal lobe olfactory bulb amygdala hippocampus (relay station for all senses except smell)
Schachter-Singer theory of emotion
two-factor theory
emotion inducing stimulus gives physiological response
which leads to cognitive interpretation
and then you get behavioural response and labelling of the emotion
Piaget first stage
sensorimotor 0-1.5/2 stranger anxiety experiences world directly through senses and motor movement learns object permanence
Piaget second stage
preoperational 2-6/7 like to pretend play can represent things with words and images, but use intuitive not logical reasoning egocentrism
Piaget third state
concrete operational
7-11
thinks logically and performs simple mental manipulations with concrete concepts
learns conservation
Piaget fourth stage
formal operational
12 to adult
abstract logically
learn moral reasoning
Broca’s area
inferior frontal gyrus of dominant hemisphere (usually left)
damaged= non fluent aphasia with intact comprehension
Wernicke’s area
posterior superior temporal gyrus
damaged= fluent aphasia with impaired comprehension
Bronstad-Lowry
involves protons
Lewis
involves electrons
Arrhenius
H3O+/OH-
Strong acids
HClO4 H2SO4 HNO3 HCl HBr HI
TLC
non polar move the farthest, have the highest Rf
normal phase HPLC
nonpolar come out first
reverse phase HPLC
polar come out first
size exclusion HPLC
large come out first
ion exchange HPLC
same charge as resin and neutral come out first
gas chromatography
highly volatile come out first (low boiling point)
affinity chromatography
usually used to purify proteins or nucleic acids from cell lysates
solid phase with protein of interest goes to the bottom and supernatant can be decanted
fractional distillation
separates with similar boiling points to get rid of solid impurities
simple distillation
separates compounds with large boiling point differences
stiffness of a bond and IR
more stiff bonds vibrate at higher frequencies
CH
2800-3300
CC double
1650
CC triple
2200
OH
3200-3600
NH
3300-3500
CO
1700
CN
2200 (triple bond)
aromatic Hs
6.5-8
vinyl Hs
5-6
alkyl Hs
0-2
downfield
downfield is to the left
deshielded
ie acidic protons
thermodynamic aldol
remove from more sterically hindered
kinetic aldol
remove from less substituted
SN1
two steps
SN2
one step
Strecker synthesis
Aas using ammonium and cyanide salts
Gabriel-malonic ester synthesis
Aas using pthalamide and an alpha bromomalonic ester
where does oxidation occur?
at the anode
where does reduction occur?
at the cathode
in which direction do electrons flow?
anode to cathode
what is the charge on the anode?
negative for galvanic
positive for electrolytic
high energy bonds to make a peptide
4n
gram positive colour
dark purple
Kozak sequence
eukaryotic translation initiation sequence
Shine-Delgarno sequence
prokaryotic ribosome binding site
eukaryotic ribosome
80S
60S and 40S
prokaryotic ribosome
70S
50S and 30S
TATA box
eukaryotic promoter
autotroph vs auxotroph
autotroph= uses CO2 as carbon source auxotroph= cannot survive on minimal medium
signal sequence
n-terminal
on all proteins except ones going to mitochondria, nucleus, peroxisomes or staying in the cytosol
targeting signal
need to go somewhere other than the PM in the secretory pathway
i.e. going to golgi, ER, lysosomes
localization signal
made in the cytosol and need to go somewhere
i.e. going to mitochondria, nucleus, peroxisomes
What kind of viruses can undergo productive life cycle?
only animal
Pribnow box
prokaryotic promoters
alpha decay
release a He nucleus
beta minus decay
neutron to a e and p
release the e-
beta plus decay
p to an e+ and n
release e+
electron capture
e and p to make an n
competitive inhibitor
binds to active site
doesn’t change Vmax
increases Km
non-competitive inhibitor
binds to allosteric site
decreases Vmax
doesn’t change Km
uncompetitive inhibitor
binds to enzyme-substrate complex
decreases Vmax
decreases Km
mixed-type inhibitor
binds to enzyme or enzyme-substrate compelx
decreases Vmax
Km depends
prokaryotic DNA polymerases
III- normal
II- back up for III
I- removes RNA and adds in DNA, 5’ to 3’ exo
IV and V- error prone, repair, stalling
RNA polymerase I
most rRNA
RNA polymerase II
mRNA, snRNA, some miRNA
RNA polymerase III
tRNA, long ncRNA, siRNA, some miRNA, small subset of rRNA
What can gluconeogenesis use?
pyruvate lactate krebs cycle intermediates glycerol carbon skeleton of glycogenic amino acids NOT acetyl-CoA
ATP in cell respiration
30 for eukaryotes
32 for prokaryotes
ATP in electron transport chain
10H+/ NADH = 2.5 ATP
6H+/ FADH2 or NADH glycolysys = 1.5 ATP
Kreb’s cycle per glucose
6 NADH
2 FADH2
4 CO2
2 GTP
glucose 6 phosphatase
G6P to glucose
F1,6 bisphosphatase
F16P to F6P
pyruvate carboxylase
pyruvate to OAA
requires ATP
PEP carboxy kinase
OAA to PEP
requires GTP
pyruvate kinase
PEP to pyruvate
makes an ATP
hexokinase
glucose to G6P
uses an ATP
pfk
F6P to F1,6P
uses an ATP
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
uses citrate
produces NADH and CO2
