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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

What is special about water?

A

liquid water is more dense than solid water so it is favoured at elevated pressures (freezing point is depressed at elevated pressures)

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2
Q

glycine

A

G

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3
Q

alanine

A

A

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4
Q

valine

A

V

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5
Q

methionine

A

M

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6
Q

leucine

A

L

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7
Q

isoleucine

A

I

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8
Q

proline

A

P

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9
Q

phenylalanine

A

F

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10
Q

tryptophan

A

W

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11
Q

serine

A

S

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12
Q

threonine

A

T

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13
Q

asparagine

A

N

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14
Q

glutamine

A

Q

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15
Q

cysteine

A

C

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16
Q

tyrosine

A

Y

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17
Q

aspartic acid

A

D

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18
Q

glutamic acid

A

E

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19
Q

histidine

A

H

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20
Q

arginine

A

R

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21
Q

lysine

A

K

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22
Q

Polar AAs

A 
serine 
threonine
asparagine 
glutamine 
cysteine 
tyrosine
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23
Q

Broca’s area

A

language production

damage causes non-fluent aphasia

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24
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

language comprehension

damage causes fluent aphasia

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25
Q

What does an aldol condensation result in?

A

a beta-hydroxy carbonyl compound

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26
Q

What is the difference between non-competitive and allosteric inhibition of enzymes?

A

they are the same!

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27
Q

What is glycogen phosphorylase used for?

A

and phosphate to glycogen when breaking it DOWN

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28
Q

What kind of hormone does thyroid hormone act like?

A

steroid

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29
Q

What kind of hormone does epinephrine act like?

A

peptide

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30
Q

para long pre

A

pre-synaptic parasympathetic neurons are long (post are short)

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31
Q

When do gases not act ideal?

A

low temp and high pressure

remember: “real world is less than ideal” (pressure and volume of empty space)

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32
Q

What are ideal fluids?

A

incompressible and not viscous

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33
Q

xenophobia

A

fear of that perceived to be foreign

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34
Q

What are contemporaries?

A

people that lived at the SAME TIME

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35
Q

What does DNA gyrase do?

A

supercoils bacteria DNA

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36
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

stopping flow of blood (usually talking about clotting)

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37
Q

What are antagonist vs agonist drugs?

A

antagonist drugs inhibit something

agonist drugs activate something

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38
Q

What is anomie?

A

when a there is a lack of social norms, which leads to a breakdown in the connection between an individual and their community

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39
Q

What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A

physiological then emotional

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40
Q

What is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

A

physiological and emotional at the same time

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41
Q

What are the “I” and the “me” in Mead’s theory of identity?

A

I is spontaneous and autonomous

me is formed in social interactions with others

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42
Q

What is a microfilament?

A

actin

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43
Q

Is removing entropic penalty favorable?

A

yes

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44
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

when old memories impede new ones

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45
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

when new memories impede old ones

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46
Q

What do you want in a PCR primer?

A

GC at both ends

high GC content

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47
Q

What is suppression?

A

consciously withholding memories

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48
Q

What is repression?

A

unconsciously withholding memories

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49
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

tendency to look at other cultures through our culture’s perspective

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50
Q

What is the left side of the brain mainly used for?

A

linguistic abilities

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51
Q

Where does the left visual field go in the brain?

A

the RIGHT side

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52
Q

Which way do electric field lines point?

A

from positive to negative i.e. point at negative
never cross
are more dense near the the charge

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53
Q

When does a precipitate form?

A

when Q >Ksp

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54
Q

What are bigger positive or negative ions?

A

negative are larger

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55
Q

What do COOH and OH make? What is it called when it is cyclic?

A

ester, cyclic=lactone

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56
Q

What affects resistance?

A

resistivity, length, area, (temperature affects resisitivity as well)

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57
Q

Do you want a binding constant to be high? What about Km?

A

binding constant yes

Km no

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58
Q

What are the y and x intercepts on a Lineweaver-Burk plot? Slope?

A

y-int is 1/Vmax
x-int is 1/Km
slope is Km/Vmax

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59
Q

Where is OH stretching on an IR spectrum?

A

3200-3500

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60
Q

Where is CO stretching on an IR spectrum?

A

1700-1750

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61
Q

Where is CC double bond stretching on an IR spectrum?

A

1580-1610

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62
Q

What kind of lens do you use to correct for myopia?

A

diverging/concave

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63
Q

What kind of lens do you use to correct for hyperopia?

A

converging/convex

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64
Q

What does ultrasound use to produce images?

A

the doppler effect, thus you need to know the speeds and frequencies

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65
Q

When is work positive?

A

between 0 and 90 degrees

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66
Q

When is work negative?

A

between 90 and 180 degrees

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67
Q

How does work affect the potential energy of a system?

A

positive work done BY the system decreases Pe
positive work done ON the system increases Pe
and vice versa

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68
Q

What happens in an elastic collision?

A

Ke is conserved

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69
Q

What happens in an inelastic collision?

A

Ke is not conserved

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70
Q

What happens in a perfectly inelastic collision?

A

objects stick together, have the same final velocity

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71
Q

What is an electric dipole?

A

when electric field doesn’t equal 0, but the electric potential does
creates a very strong electric field

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72
Q

What is the electric field inside a conductor?

A

zero

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73
Q

What do capacitors in parallel have that is the same?

A

voltage

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74
Q

What do capacitors in series have that is the same?

A

charge

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75
Q

What cause electrons to flow?

A

a difference in electric potential

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76
Q

What direction is I? (current)

A

always OPPOSITE the flow of electrons

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77
Q

What is magnetic field strength measured in?

A

Tesla or Gauss

10^-4 T = 1 Ga

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78
Q

Explain the right hand rule for finding Fb

A

positive charge
thumb along v
fingers along B
direction of Fb is coming out of palm

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79
Q

Explain the right hand rule for finding B

A

thumb along I

fingers curl in the direction of B

80
Q

Which direction do magnetic field lines point?

A

North to South

81
Q

What does wave speed depend on?

A

type and medium NOT frequency

82
Q

Where do longitudinal waves move fastest? What is an example?

A

in solid

i.e. sound waves

83
Q

Where do transverse waves move fastest?

A

in a vacuum

i.e. light (electromagnetic waves)

84
Q

What does “RIP VUN” stand for?

A

real, inverted, positive i

virtual, upright, negative i

85
Q

What forms from the ectoderm?

A 
entire nervous system 
pituitary glands 
adrenal medulla 
cornea and lens 
epidermis of skin and derivatives (nails, hair, sweat glands, sensory receptors)
nasal, oral, anal epithelium
86
Q

What forms from the mesoderm?

A

all muscle, bone and connective tissue
entire cardiovascular and lymphatic system, including blood
urogenital organs (kidneys, ureters, gonads, reproductive ducts)
dermis of skin

87
Q

What forms from the endoderm?

A

GI tract epithelium (except mouth and anus)
GI glands (liver, pancreas etc)
respiratory epithelium
epithelial lining of urogenital organs and ducts
urinary bladder

88
Q

What are the stages of embryogenesis?

A 
fertilization (zygote)
cleavage (morula)
blastulation (trophoblast and inner cell mass)
gastrulation (germ layers, gastrula)
neurulation (nervous system) 
parturition
89
Q

Type I muscle fibers

A 
slow twitch 
red slow twitch/red oxidative 
slow contraction 
low force
many mitochondria 
very dense capillaries 
resistant to fatigue
hours of use
90
Q

Type IIA muscle fibers

A 
intermediate/fast twitch oxidative 
intermediate contraction 
medium force
some mitochondria 
medium capillaries 
medium resistance to fatigue 
30 min use
91
Q

Type IIB muscle fibers

A 
white fast twitch 
very fast contraction 
high force
very few mitochondria and capillaries 
low resistance to fatigue 
1 min use
92
Q

What does peptide YY do?

A

reduces appetite

93
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

pepsinogen

94
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A

HCl

95
Q

Where is CCK secreted from?

A

epithelial cells in the duodenum

96
Q

What cells have MHCI?

A

all nucleated cells

97
Q

What cells have MCHII?

A

only antigen presenting cells (macrophages and B-cells)

98
Q

Freud first stage

A

oral stage
0 to 1
erogneous zone is the mouth

99
Q

Freud second stage

A

anal stage
1 to 3
erogenous zone is the anus i.e. bladder and bladder control

100
Q

Freud third stage

A

phallic stage
3 to 6
erogenous zone is the genitals
adult fixation results in the Oedipus or Electra complex

101
Q

Freud fourth stage

A

latency stage
6 to 12
sexual feelings are dormant

102
Q

Freud fifth stage

A

genital stage
12+
sexual interests mature

103
Q

Erikson first stage

A

infancy

trust vs mistrust

104
Q

Erikson second stage

A

early childhood

autonomy vs shame

105
Q

Erikson third stage

A

preschool age

initiative vs guilt

106
Q

Erikson fourth stage

A

school age

industry vs inferiority

107
Q

Erikson fifth stage

A

adolescence

identity vs role confusion

108
Q

Erikson sixth stage

A

young adulthood

intimacy vs isolation

109
Q

Erikson seventh stage

A

middle age

generativity vs stagnation

110
Q

Erikson eighth stage

A

later life

integrity vs despair

111
Q

explicit memory

A

declarative memory
memory with conscious recall
consists of episodic and semantic memory

112
Q

implicit memory

A

non declarative memory
memory without conscious recall
procedural memory is a type

113
Q

Stage 1 of sleep

A 
light 
theta waves 
slow rolling eye movements 
moderate activity 
fleeting thoughts
114
Q

Stage 2 of sleep

A 
light 
sleep spindle and k-complex 
no eye movement 
moderate activity 
increased relaxation 
decreased temp, heart rate and respiration
115
Q

Stages 3 and 4 of sleep

A 
deep
delta waves 
no eye movement 
moderate activity 
heart and digestion slow 
growth hormones secreted
116
Q

brain waves when you’re awake

A

beta

117
Q

brain waves when you’re drowsy

A

alpha

118
Q

components of the limbic system

A 
thalamus 
hypothalamus 
frontal lobe 
olfactory bulb
amygdala
hippocampus 
(relay station for all senses except smell)
119
Q

Schachter-Singer theory of emotion

A

two-factor theory
emotion inducing stimulus gives physiological response
which leads to cognitive interpretation
and then you get behavioural response and labelling of the emotion

120
Q

Piaget first stage

A 
sensorimotor 
0-1.5/2
stranger anxiety 
experiences world directly through senses and motor movement 
learns object permanence
121
Q

Piaget second stage

A 
preoperational 
2-6/7
like to pretend play 
can represent things with words and images, but use intuitive not logical reasoning 
egocentrism
122
Q

Piaget third state

A

concrete operational
7-11
thinks logically and performs simple mental manipulations with concrete concepts
learns conservation

123
Q

Piaget fourth stage

A

formal operational
12 to adult
abstract logically
learn moral reasoning

124
Q

Broca’s area

A

inferior frontal gyrus of dominant hemisphere (usually left)

damaged= non fluent aphasia with intact comprehension

125
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

posterior superior temporal gyrus

damaged= fluent aphasia with impaired comprehension

126
Q

Bronstad-Lowry

A

involves protons

127
Q

Lewis

A

involves electrons

128
Q

Arrhenius

A

H3O+/OH-

129
Q

Strong acids

A 
HClO4
H2SO4
HNO3
HCl
HBr
HI
130
Q

TLC

A

non polar move the farthest, have the highest Rf

131
Q

normal phase HPLC

A

nonpolar come out first

132
Q

reverse phase HPLC

A

polar come out first

133
Q

size exclusion HPLC

A

large come out first

134
Q

ion exchange HPLC

A

same charge as resin and neutral come out first

135
Q

gas chromatography

A

highly volatile come out first (low boiling point)

136
Q

affinity chromatography

A

usually used to purify proteins or nucleic acids from cell lysates
solid phase with protein of interest goes to the bottom and supernatant can be decanted

137
Q

fractional distillation

A

separates with similar boiling points to get rid of solid impurities

138
Q

simple distillation

A

separates compounds with large boiling point differences

139
Q

stiffness of a bond and IR

A

more stiff bonds vibrate at higher frequencies

140
Q

CH

A

2800-3300

141
Q

CC double

A

1650

142
Q

CC triple

A

2200

143
Q

OH

A

3200-3600

144
Q

NH

A

3300-3500

145
Q

CO

A

1700

146
Q

CN

A

2200 (triple bond)

147
Q

aromatic Hs

A

6.5-8

148
Q

vinyl Hs

A

5-6

149
Q

alkyl Hs

A

0-2

150
Q

downfield

A

downfield is to the left
deshielded
ie acidic protons

151
Q

thermodynamic aldol

A

remove from more sterically hindered

152
Q

kinetic aldol

A

remove from less substituted

153
Q

SN1

A

two steps

154
Q

SN2

A

one step

155
Q

Strecker synthesis

A

Aas using ammonium and cyanide salts

156
Q

Gabriel-malonic ester synthesis

A

Aas using pthalamide and an alpha bromomalonic ester

157
Q

where does oxidation occur?

A

at the anode

158
Q

where does reduction occur?

A

at the cathode

159
Q

in which direction do electrons flow?

A

anode to cathode

160
Q

what is the charge on the anode?

A

negative for galvanic

positive for electrolytic

161
Q

high energy bonds to make a peptide

A

4n

162
Q

gram positive colour

A

dark purple

163
Q

Kozak sequence

A

eukaryotic translation initiation sequence

164
Q

Shine-Delgarno sequence

A

prokaryotic ribosome binding site

165
Q

eukaryotic ribosome

A

80S

60S and 40S

166
Q

prokaryotic ribosome

A

70S

50S and 30S

167
Q

TATA box

A

eukaryotic promoter

168
Q

autotroph vs auxotroph

A 
autotroph= uses CO2 as carbon source
auxotroph= cannot survive on minimal medium
169
Q

signal sequence

A

n-terminal

on all proteins except ones going to mitochondria, nucleus, peroxisomes or staying in the cytosol

170
Q

targeting signal

A

need to go somewhere other than the PM in the secretory pathway
i.e. going to golgi, ER, lysosomes

171
Q

localization signal

A

made in the cytosol and need to go somewhere

i.e. going to mitochondria, nucleus, peroxisomes

172
Q

What kind of viruses can undergo productive life cycle?

A

only animal

173
Q

Pribnow box

A

prokaryotic promoters

174
Q

alpha decay

A

release a He nucleus

175
Q

beta minus decay

A

neutron to a e and p

release the e-

176
Q

beta plus decay

A

p to an e+ and n

release e+

177
Q

electron capture

A

e and p to make an n

178
Q

competitive inhibitor

A

binds to active site
doesn’t change Vmax
increases Km

179
Q

non-competitive inhibitor

A

binds to allosteric site
decreases Vmax
doesn’t change Km

180
Q

uncompetitive inhibitor

A

binds to enzyme-substrate complex
decreases Vmax
decreases Km

181
Q

mixed-type inhibitor

A

binds to enzyme or enzyme-substrate compelx
decreases Vmax
Km depends

182
Q

prokaryotic DNA polymerases

A

III- normal
II- back up for III
I- removes RNA and adds in DNA, 5’ to 3’ exo
IV and V- error prone, repair, stalling

183
Q

RNA polymerase I

A

most rRNA

184
Q

RNA polymerase II

A

mRNA, snRNA, some miRNA

185
Q

RNA polymerase III

A

tRNA, long ncRNA, siRNA, some miRNA, small subset of rRNA

186
Q

What can gluconeogenesis use?

A 
pyruvate
lactate
krebs cycle intermediates 
glycerol 
carbon skeleton of glycogenic amino acids 
NOT acetyl-CoA
187
Q

ATP in cell respiration

A

30 for eukaryotes

32 for prokaryotes

188
Q

ATP in electron transport chain

A

10H+/ NADH = 2.5 ATP

6H+/ FADH2 or NADH glycolysys = 1.5 ATP

189
Q

Kreb’s cycle per glucose

A

6 NADH
2 FADH2
4 CO2
2 GTP

190
Q

glucose 6 phosphatase

A

G6P to glucose

191
Q

F1,6 bisphosphatase

A

F16P to F6P

192
Q

pyruvate carboxylase

A

pyruvate to OAA

requires ATP

193
Q

PEP carboxy kinase

A

OAA to PEP

requires GTP

194
Q

pyruvate kinase

A

PEP to pyruvate

makes an ATP

195
Q

hexokinase

A

glucose to G6P

uses an ATP

196
Q

pfk

A

F6P to F1,6P

uses an ATP

197
Q

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

A

uses citrate

produces NADH and CO2

MCAT (15 decks)

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