Bio 5

Question 1

What is a teratoma?

Answer 1

tumor formed with tissues from multiple germ layers

Question 2

What are allosomes?

Answer 2

sex chromosomes

Question 3

What is synapsis?

Answer 3

when homologous chromosomes pair in prophase I so they can cross over

Question 4

What mediates synapsis?

Answer 4

synaptonemal complex

SYCP2 and SYCP3 on each of the homologous chromosomes and SYCP1 with other proteins in between the two

Question 5

What is the rule of multiplication?

Answer 5

to find the chance of both of two independent events happening multiply their their odds

Question 6

What is the rule of addition?

Answer 6

to find the chance of either of two events happening add their odds together and subtract the probability of them happening together i.e. A + B - AB=probability

Question 7

What is a chi-square test used to compare?

Answer 7

observed and expected data

Question 8

What is incomplete dominance?

Answer 8

when a heterozygote is a blend mix of both alleles

Question 9

What is codominance?

Answer 9

when two alleles are both expressed but not blended

Question 10

What is pleiotropism?

Answer 10

when a gene’s expression alters many different, seemingly unrelated aspects of the organism’s total phenotype

Question 11

What is penetrance?

Answer 11

the likelihood that a person with a given genotype will express the expected phenotype

Question 12

What is epistasis?

Answer 12

expression of alleles for one gene is dependent on a different gene

Question 13

How do you find recombinant frequency?

Answer 13

of recombinants divided by the total number of offspring

Question 14

Do autosomal dominant genes skip generations?

Answer 14

no

autosomal recessive can

Question 15

What is a good way to determine if a gene is X-linked or autosomal?

Answer 15

X-linked are usually expressed more by males

Question 16

What shape are males and females in a pedigree?

Answer 16

males are squares

females are circles

Question 17

What are the Hardy-Weinberg assumptions?

Answer 17

there is no mutation
there is no migration 
there is no natural selection 
there is random mating 
population is sufficiently large to prevent random drift in allele frequencies

Question 18

What is the Hardy-Weinberg law?

Answer 18

that the frequencies of alleles in the gene pool (genetic info of a population) will not change over time, provided that the assumptions are true
p^2 +2pq + q^2 = 1
q=recessive
p=dominant

Question 19

How many generations does it take to get back to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Answer 19

one

Question 20

What is cladogenesis?

Answer 20

one species diversifies and becomes two or more

Question 21

What is anagenesis?

Answer 21

one species becomes another by changing so much that if you went back in time it would be unable to reproduce sexually with its ancestors

Question 22

What is the order of binomial classification categories?

Answer 22

domain 
kingdom 
phylum 
class
order
family 
genus 
species

Question 23

What are proteinoids?

Answer 23

polypeptides made through abiotic synthesis

Question 24

What are protobionts?

Answer 24

microspheres (made of proteinoids), liposomes and coacervates (polypepetides, nucleic acids and polysaccharides)

Question 25

What are coacervates?

Answer 25

made of polypeptides, nucleic acids and polysaccharides

Question 26

Describe the early atmosphere

Answer 26

reducing environment containing H2O, CO, CO2 and N2

NO OXYGEN!