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Rapid Rev USMLE 1 > Rev 23 > Flashcards

Rev 23 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Celiac Sprue?

A

Autoimmune reaction to gluten leading to villous atrophy in the small intestine.

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2
Q

What are the symptoms of Celiac Sprue?

A

Diarrhea

weight loss

fatigue

and malabsorption.

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3
Q

How is Celiac Sprue diagnosed?

A

Positive serology for anti-tTG antibodies

confirmed by small bowel biopsy showing villous atrophy.

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4
Q

What is the management for Celiac Sprue?

A

Gluten-free diet.

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5
Q

How do you calculate carrier frequency for an autosomal recessive disorder?

A

Use Hardy-Weinberg principle: Carrier frequency = √(disease frequency) x 2.

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6
Q

What causes the first component of a split S1 in cardiac auscultation?

A

Asynchronous first closure of the mitral and then tricuspid valves.

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7
Q

What finding is crucial in determining decision-making capacity?

A

Understanding and appreciating the consequences of their decision.

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8
Q

What is the likely pathogen for a post-lamb delivery infection presenting with headache

A

Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)

cough

fatigue

and myalgias?

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9
Q

How do you calculate myocardial oxygen supply?

A

Myocardial oxygen supply = Blood flow (mL/min) x Arterial oxygen concentration (mL O2/mL).

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10
Q

Calculate the myocardial oxygen supply for a blood flow of 30 mL/min and O2 concentration of 0.15 mL O2/mL

A

4.5 mL O2/min.

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11
Q

What is the increased risk associated with Rituximab treatment?

A

Infections due to B-cell depletion.

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12
Q

What is the mechanism of action of tetanospasmin?

A

Inhibition of inhibitory neurotransmitters (GABA

glycine) in the CNS.

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13
Q

What is the likely diagnosis for multiple grapelike intrauterine structures on ultrasound?

A

Hydatidiform mole.

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14
Q

What enzyme deficiency causes recurrent abdominal pain

A

pancreatitis

xanthomas

and increased chylomicrons and triglycerides?

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL).

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15
Q

What causes acute hemolytic transfusion reactions?

A

Preformed IgM antibodies against transfused red blood cells.

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16
Q

What is the risk to offspring if both parents are carriers of alpha-thalassemia?

A

Severe forms like Hemoglobin H disease or hydrops fetalis.

17
Q

How do you calculate specificity?

A

Specificity = True Negatives / (True Negatives + False Positives).

18
Q

What is the specificity if 80 out of 100 non-cancer patients have normal results?

A

0.8

19
Q

What biochemical marker is increased in renal artery stenosis?

A

Renin.

20
Q

What phase is a drug trial with 100-200 subjects with moderate hypertension?

A

Phase II (testing efficacy and side effects).

21
Q

What type of reaction is serum sickness?

A

Type III hypersensitivity reaction.

22
Q

What dietary change helps improve carotenemia?

A

Reduce intake of carotenoid-rich foods (such as carrots and sweet potatoes).

23
Q

What antibodies are found in Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis?

A

Anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO).

24
Q

What visual deficit can untreated strabismus cause in a child?

A

Deficits in depth perception.

25
Q

Which receptor mediates calcium entry for competitive interactions in the visual cortex?

A

NMDA receptors.

26
Q

What vector transmits both Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia microti?

A

Ixodes scapularis (deer tick).

27
Q

What neurons are targeted by Fluoxetine in the treatment of depression?

A

Neurons arising from the raphe nuclei (serotonergic system).

28
Q

What type of drug is used for stress incontinence and how does it work?

A

Alpha-adrenergic agonist (e.g.

pseudoephedrine) increases urethral sphincter tone.

29
Q

How do you calculate the maintenance dose of an antibiotic in pediatrics?

A

Maintenance dose = Cl x Css x 24 hr/day.

30
Q

What is the non-vision impairing coloboma location?

A

Iris.

31
Q

What is the likely diagnosis for annular erythematous plaques with central clearing?

A

Tinea corporis (ringworm).

32
Q

What vector transmits visceral leishmaniasis?

A

Sandfly.

33
Q

Which receptors mediate competitive interactions in the visual cortex important for depth perception?

A

NMDA receptors.

34
Q

What drug alleviates NSAID-induced gastric discomfort but can cause severe diarrhea?

A

Misoprostol

a prostaglandin analog.

Rapid Rev USMLE 1 (12 decks)

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