Rev 23

Question 1

What is the pathophysiology of Celiac Sprue?

Answer 1

Autoimmune reaction to gluten leading to villous atrophy in the small intestine.

Question 2

What are the symptoms of Celiac Sprue?

Answer 2

Diarrhea

weight loss

fatigue

and malabsorption.

Question 3

How is Celiac Sprue diagnosed?

Answer 3

Positive serology for anti-tTG antibodies

confirmed by small bowel biopsy showing villous atrophy.

Question 4

What is the management for Celiac Sprue?

Answer 4

Gluten-free diet.

Question 5

How do you calculate carrier frequency for an autosomal recessive disorder?

Answer 5

Use Hardy-Weinberg principle: Carrier frequency = √(disease frequency) x 2.

Question 6

What causes the first component of a split S1 in cardiac auscultation?

Answer 6

Asynchronous first closure of the mitral and then tricuspid valves.

Question 7

What finding is crucial in determining decision-making capacity?

Answer 7

Understanding and appreciating the consequences of their decision.

Question 8

What is the likely pathogen for a post-lamb delivery infection presenting with headache

Answer 8

Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)

cough

fatigue

and myalgias?

Question 9

How do you calculate myocardial oxygen supply?

Answer 9

Myocardial oxygen supply = Blood flow (mL/min) x Arterial oxygen concentration (mL O2/mL).

Question 10

Calculate the myocardial oxygen supply for a blood flow of 30 mL/min and O2 concentration of 0.15 mL O2/mL

Answer 10

4.5 mL O2/min.

Question 11

What is the increased risk associated with Rituximab treatment?

Answer 11

Infections due to B-cell depletion.

Question 12

What is the mechanism of action of tetanospasmin?

Answer 12

Inhibition of inhibitory neurotransmitters (GABA

glycine) in the CNS.

Question 13

What is the likely diagnosis for multiple grapelike intrauterine structures on ultrasound?

Answer 13

Hydatidiform mole.

Question 14

What enzyme deficiency causes recurrent abdominal pain

Answer 14

pancreatitis

xanthomas

and increased chylomicrons and triglycerides?

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL).

Question 15

What causes acute hemolytic transfusion reactions?

Answer 15

Preformed IgM antibodies against transfused red blood cells.

Question 16

What is the risk to offspring if both parents are carriers of alpha-thalassemia?

Answer 16

Severe forms like Hemoglobin H disease or hydrops fetalis.

Question 17

How do you calculate specificity?

Answer 17

Specificity = True Negatives / (True Negatives + False Positives).

Question 18

What is the specificity if 80 out of 100 non-cancer patients have normal results?

Answer 18

0.8

Question 19

What biochemical marker is increased in renal artery stenosis?

Answer 19

Renin.

Question 20

What phase is a drug trial with 100-200 subjects with moderate hypertension?

Answer 20

Phase II (testing efficacy and side effects).

Question 21

What type of reaction is serum sickness?

Answer 21

Type III hypersensitivity reaction.

Question 22

What dietary change helps improve carotenemia?

Answer 22

Reduce intake of carotenoid-rich foods (such as carrots and sweet potatoes).

Question 23

What antibodies are found in Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis?

Answer 23

Anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO).

Question 24

What visual deficit can untreated strabismus cause in a child?

Answer 24

Deficits in depth perception.

Question 25

Which receptor mediates calcium entry for competitive interactions in the visual cortex?

Answer 25

NMDA receptors.

Question 26

What vector transmits both Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia microti?

Answer 26

Ixodes scapularis (deer tick).

Question 27

What neurons are targeted by Fluoxetine in the treatment of depression?

Answer 27

Neurons arising from the raphe nuclei (serotonergic system).

Question 28

What type of drug is used for stress incontinence and how does it work?

Answer 28

Alpha-adrenergic agonist (e.g.

pseudoephedrine) increases urethral sphincter tone.

Question 29

How do you calculate the maintenance dose of an antibiotic in pediatrics?

Answer 29

Maintenance dose = Cl x Css x 24 hr/day.

Question 30

What is the non-vision impairing coloboma location?

Answer 30

Iris.

Question 31

What is the likely diagnosis for annular erythematous plaques with central clearing?

Answer 31

Tinea corporis (ringworm).

Question 32

What vector transmits visceral leishmaniasis?

Answer 32

Sandfly.

Question 33

Which receptors mediate competitive interactions in the visual cortex important for depth perception?

Answer 33

NMDA receptors.

Question 34

What drug alleviates NSAID-induced gastric discomfort but can cause severe diarrhea?

Answer 34

Misoprostol

a prostaglandin analog.