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Rapid Rev USMLE 1 > Imort > Flashcards

Imort Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the change in cardiac parameters during inspiration?

A

↑ RV preload, ↓ LV preload

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2
Q

What murmurs increase during inspiration?

A

Most right-sided murmurs (↑ RV blood volume)

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3
Q

What murmurs decrease during inspiration?

A

Most left-sided murmurs (↓ LV blood volume)

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4
Q

What is the change in cardiac parameters during Valsalva strain phase?

A

↓ RV & LV preload

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5
Q

What murmurs increase during Valsalva strain phase?

A

MVP & HCM (↓ LV blood volume)

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6
Q

What murmurs decrease during Valsalva strain phase?

A

Most valvular murmurs (↓ flow through valve)

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7
Q

What is the change in cardiac parameters during abrupt standing?

A

↓ RV & LV preload

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8
Q

What murmurs increase during abrupt standing?

A

MVP & HCM (↓ LV blood volume)

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9
Q

What murmurs decrease during abrupt standing?

A

Most valvular murmurs (↓ flow through valve)

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10
Q

What is the change in cardiac parameters during squatting?

A

↑ RV & LV preload, ↑ LV afterload

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11
Q

What murmurs increase during squatting?

A

Most valvular murmurs (↑ flow through valve)

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12
Q

What murmurs decrease during squatting?

A

MVP & HCM (↑ LV blood volume)

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13
Q

What is the change in cardiac parameters during passive leg raise?

A

↑ RV & LV preload

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14
Q

What murmurs increase during passive leg raise?

A

Most valvular murmurs (↑ flow through valve)

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15
Q

What murmurs decrease during passive leg raise?

A

MVP & HCM (↑ LV blood volume)

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16
Q

What is the change in cardiac parameters during hand grip?

A

↑ LV afterload

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17
Q

What murmurs increase during hand grip?

A

AR, MR & VSD (↑ aortic & LV pressure)

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18
Q

What murmurs decrease during hand grip?

A

AS (↓ transvalvular pressure gradient)

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19
Q

What is the protein defect in Familial Chylomicronemia Syndrome (Type I)?

A

Lipoprotein lipase, ApoC-2

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20
Q

What are the elevated lipoproteins in Familial Chylomicronemia Syndrome (Type I)?

A

Chylomicrons

21
Q

What are the major manifestations of Familial Chylomicronemia Syndrome (Type I)?

A

Acute pancreatitis, Lipemia retinalis, Eruptive xanthomas

22
Q

What is the protein defect in Familial Hypercholesterolemia (Type II A)?

A

LDL receptor, ApoB-100

23
Q

What are the elevated lipoproteins in Familial Hypercholesterolemia (Type II A)?

A

LDL

24
Q

What are the major manifestations of Familial Hypercholesterolemia (Type II A)?”

A

Premature atherosclerosis, Tendon xanthomas, Xanthelasmas

25
Q

What is the protein defect in Familial Dysbetalipoproteinemia (Type III)?

A

ApoE

26
Q

What are the elevated lipoproteins in Familial Dysbetalipoproteinemia (Type III)?

A

Chylomicron & VLDL remnants

27
Q

What are the major manifestations of Familial Dysbetalipoproteinemia (Type III)?”

A

Premature atherosclerosis, Tuboeruptive & palmar xanthomas

28
Q

What is the protein defect in Familial Hypertriglyceridemia (Type IV)?

A

Polygenic

29
Q

What are the elevated lipoproteins in Familial Hypertriglyceridemia (Type IV)?

A

VLDL

30
Q

What are the major manifestations of Familial Hypertriglyceridemia (Type IV)?”

A

Associated with coronary disease, pancreatitis & diabetes

31
Q

Watery Diarrhea in HIV

A

Cryptosporidium

32
Q

Bad news should be delivered?

A

honestly, directly, and using small pieces of information at a time

33
Q

A test result for rheumatoid factor is positive. How about
Complement (C3)
Segmented Neutrophils
Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
Tumor Necrosis

A

Complement (C3): Decreased
Segmented Neutrophils: Increased
Interleukin-1 (IL-1): Increased
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF): Increased
Glucose: slightly decreased

34
Q

Thoracic Duct Anatomy

A

near the left subclavian vein and the aorta

35
Q

Peptide transporter (TAP) gene

A

Bare lymphocyte

36
Q

First Aortic Arch

A

Part of maxillary arteries (branches of the external carotid arteries)

37
Q

Second Aortic Arch

A

Stapedial arteries (which regress) and hyoid arteries

38
Q

Third Aortic Arch

A

Common carotid arteries +Proximal part of the internal carotid arteries

39
Q

Fourth Aortic Arch

A

Left: Part of the arch of the aorta. Right: Proximal part of the right subclavian artery

40
Q

Fifth Aortic Arch

A

This arch either completely regresses

41
Q

Sixth Aortic Arch

A

Left: - Proximal part: Left pulmonary artery - Distal part: Ductus arteriosus (which becomes the ligamentum arteriosum after birth) Right: - Proximal part: Right pulmonary artery - Distal part: Regresses

42
Q

Relative Risk (RR)

A

RR = (a/(a+b)) / (c/(c+d)). P1/P2

43
Q

Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR)

A

ARR = (c/(c+d)) - (a/(a+b)). P2-P1

44
Q

Relative Risk Reduction (RRR)

A

RRR = ARR / (c/(c+d)) or RRR = 1 - RR

45
Q

Number Needed to Harm (NNH)

A

NNH = 1 / AR

46
Q

Number Needed to Treat (NNT)

A

NNT = 1 / ARR

47
Q

Attributable Risk (AR)

A

AR = (a/(a+b)) - (c/(c+d))

48
Q

SE

A

SD/. \/ñ

49
Q

CI of mean

A

Mean +_ z * SE

Z 68%= 1
Z 95%=2
Z 99%= 2.5

Rapid Rev USMLE 1 (12 decks)

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