Retroviruses, AIDS, and Tumor viruses

Question 1

what is the “4H club” risk group?

Answer 1

Homosexual men, heroine addicts, Haitians, and hemophiliacs

Question 2

What virus family does HIV-1 and -2 belong to?

Answer 2

Lentivirus

Question 3

What virus family is HTLV belong to?

Answer 3

Deltaretrovirus

Question 4

what are the two subfamilies of retroviruses?

Answer 4

orthoretroviridae and spumaviridae

Question 5

What type of genome do retroviruses have?

Answer 5

(+)ssRNA with diploid identical copies

Question 6

T/F. Retroviruses are enveloped.

Answer 6

True.

Question 7

What is the most commonly seen retrovirus nucleocapsid structure and location?

Answer 7

D-type: cylindrical nucleocapsid centrally located

Question 8

What genes are encoded in simple retroviruses?

Answer 8

Gag, Pro, Pol, and Env genes

Question 9

where do retroviruses replicate?

Answer 9

nucleus

Question 10

During reverse transcription, the ___RNA genome converts to _-____ genome.

Answer 10

ssRNA; dsDNA

Question 11

Integration is the process where viral dsDNA is incorporated into the host making a ___________.

Answer 11

provirus

Question 12

Reverse transcription is initiated once the nucleocapsid is in the _______.

Answer 12

cytoplasm

Question 13

Low ____ levels prevent reverse transcription.

Answer 13

NTPs

Question 14

Reverse transcription is ____ when copies are identical.

Answer 14

silent

Question 15

In order for integration to occur, the retrovirus must access the ____ during ____.

Answer 15

nucleus; mitosis.

Question 16

T/F. Integration of viral DNA into the host is permanent.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

If integrated into the germ-line then provirus is inherited in a process called ____?

Answer 17

endogenous

Question 18

What 4 areas are associated with integration identified oncogenes?

Answer 18

1. transcription factors
2. secreted growth factors
3. growth factor receptors
4. cell signal transduction pathways

Question 19

What three things can defective retroviruses be missing?

Answer 19

gag, pol, or env

Question 20

What must occur if there is a defective virus?

Answer 20

coinfection

Question 21

Slow retroviruses effect is like high level ______, that can result in tumorigenesis.

Answer 21

mutagenesis

Question 22

cytopathic retroviruses cause ____ damage directly.

Answer 22

tissue

Question 23

Acute transforming viruses induce rapid ____ formation and carry ___ genes.

Answer 23

tumor; host

Question 24

How is human t-cell leukemia transmitted?

Answer 24

person to person (mother-child/breastfeeding, needles, transfusions, sexually - less efficient)

Question 25

What is the primary mode of spread of HTLV-1?

Answer 25

contact between infected and naive cells

Question 26

Adult T-Cell Lymphoma/Leukemia (ATLL) has a latent period of ____ years.

Answer 26

30 to 50 years (slow retrovirus)

Question 27

HTLV-1 associated ATLL disease infects ____ T-cells.

Answer 27

memory

Question 28

T/F. In ATLL, cells can become transformed and generate tumors with or without virus protein expression.

Answer 28

True.

Question 29

HTLV-1 associated myelopathy / tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is associated with ______.

Answer 29

transfusions.

Question 30

typical onset for HAM/TSP is ___ (3/5) years after infection.

Answer 30

3

Question 31

HAM/TSP starts with ____ control issues and progress to lower back pain, ___ weakness, and impotence or erectile dysfunction in men.

Answer 31

bladder; leg

Question 32

what year was the HIV virus identified

Answer 32

1984

Question 33

T/F. Sexual transmission of HIV is greater in male-to-female than in male-to-male.

Answer 33

No. Male to male has a higher transmission rate.(1:10) vs (1:200) for male to female transmission

Question 34

what is the latent period for AIDS

Answer 34

6 months to 25 yrs

Question 35

HIV targets ____ T-cells.

Answer 35

memory (CD4+)

Question 36

What symptoms are more indicative of HIV infection?

Answer 36

mucocutaneous ulceration and weight loss.

Question 37

What is an acute infection reservoir for HIV?

Answer 37

Gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)

Question 38

During a primary infection, the number of T-cells _____ (increases/decreases) while the RNA copies ____ (increases/decreases).

Answer 38

decreases; increases

Question 39

when is chronic HIV infection established?

Answer 39

when there is ongoing virus replication and T-cell depletion.

Question 40

T/F. Antivirals increase the life expectancy of HIV patients.

Answer 40

True.