Antivirals and Vaccines

Question 1

Antiviral therapy must be active against viral ____ and not normal cellular function to reduce _____.

Answer 1

replication; toxicity

Question 2

Enfuvirtide is associated with which infection?

Answer 2

HIV

Question 3

Enfuvirtide blocks the refolding of ____, thereby inhibiting membrane fusion and the penetration step of HIV entry.

Answer 3

gp41

Question 4

Amantadine and Rimantadine are associated with which infection?

Answer 4

Influenza

Question 5

Amantadine and rimantadine block ___ ____ (M2) preventing nucleocapsid release at the end of the cell ____ process.

Answer 5

ion channel; entry

Question 6

what happens as a result of inhibition to the ion channel of M2?

Answer 6

blockage of ion flow impedes influenza virion disassembly after internalization into endosomes.

Question 7

What is inhibited once the influenza virus enters the cells through the endosome?

Answer 7

Normally the M2 protein allows hydrogen to enter thereby decreasing the pH in the virion, which is necessary for conformational changes in the influenza virus nucleocapsid protein that allows movement of genome into the nucleus. This is prevented.

Question 8

Nucleoside analogs are ___ terminators.

Answer 8

chain

Question 9

what was the first antiviral approved for clinical use?

Answer 9

acyclovir

Question 10

T/F. Acyclovir is more effective against CMV and EBV and less effective for HSV-1 and -2.

Answer 10

False. It is more effective against HSV-1 and -2 than CMV and EBV.

Question 11

What protein does acyclovir target?

Answer 11

thymadine kinase (TK)

Question 12

which antiviral is effective against treating CMV?

Answer 12

ganciclovir

Question 13

Valganciclovir is similar to ____ with improved ____ bioability.

Answer 13

acyclovir; oral

Question 14

Foscarnet is used to treat _____?

Answer 14

Herpesvirus

Question 15

Which antiviral is administered IV and toxic?

Answer 15

Foscarnet

Question 16

what does foscarnet target?

Answer 16

viral polymerase activity

Question 17

Nucleoside inhibitors are treatments for which infections?

Answer 17

HIV and HBV

Question 18

Nucleoside inhibitors have good ___ availability, high ____ and resistance, and are given in a cocktail of different class drugs.

Answer 18

oral; toxicity

Question 19

what is a nucleoside inhibitor of RNA viruses?

Answer 19

Ribavirin

Question 20

The triphosphate form of ribavirin inhibits _____.

Answer 20

polymerases

Question 21

The monophosphate form of Ribavirin inhibits ___ monophosphate dehydrogenase lowering ___ in the cell.

Answer 21

inosine; GTP

Question 22

Ribavirin inhibits ____ of mRNA.

Answer 22

capping

Question 23

Viral progeny require ____ by virus-specific proteases to become infectious.

Answer 23

cleavage

Question 24

The Gag-Pol polypeptide found in ___ must be cleaved to release the shorter mature HIV proteins. This process is inhibited by ____ treatment.

Answer 24

HIV; ritonavir

Question 25

Inhibition of influenza virus ______ (NA) inhibit virus release from infected cells.

Answer 25

neuraminidase

Question 26

NA cleaves terminal ____ ____ residues.

Answer 26

sialic acid

Question 27

what antiviral challenge is involved with absorption into the body, transport to the site of viral infection, and intake by the cell.

Answer 27

Bioavailability

Question 28

What molecule is responsible for the fact cultured cells infected with one virus were resistant to infection by a second virus

Answer 28

Interferons

Question 29

______ have an effect that was transferable to uninfected cells

Answer 29

Interferons

Question 30

Interferons are more effective in ____ (RNA/DNA) viruses.

Answer 30

RNA

Question 31

What type of immunization administers all or part of a pathogenic agent to induce antibodies or cell-mediated immunity?

Answer 31

active immunization

Question 32

what type of immunization administers exogenously produced antibodies?

Answer 32

passive immunization

Question 33

Live, attenuated vaccines are ___ (easy/hard) to administer, produce immunity at the ___ ( first/second) infection, induce antibody and cell mediated immunity and cause ___ (long/short)-lasting immunity

Answer 33

easy; first; long

Question 34

T/F. Live, attenuated vaccines may revert during replication.

Answer 34

true.

Question 35

T/F. Live, attenuated and killed vaccines are safe for immunocompromised persons.

Answer 35

False. Only killed are safe for immunocompromised persons.

Question 36

which type of vaccine is usually injected?

Answer 36

killed

Question 37

which type of vaccine does not induce cell mediated immunity and therefore has shorter protection?

Answer 37

killed

Question 38

Reversion is associated with which type of vaccine. Give an example.

Answer 38

live, attenuated such as in Polio

Question 39

what are the three important immune cells associated with vaccination?

Answer 39

B cells, CD8+ cells T-cells, CD4+ T-cells

Question 40

Pneumonococcal and HIB (unless conjugated to other antigens) utilize what cell type?

Answer 40

B cells only

Question 41

Vaccines utilizing B cell and T cell immunity include _____.

Answer 41

secretory IgA

Question 42

Small pox vaccine is contraindicated for individuals with what condition?

Answer 42

eczema