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Cognition Yr 2 > retrieval > Flashcards

retrieval Flashcards

1
Q

what is retrieval?

A

the progression from retrieval cues to a target memory trace through associative connections

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2
Q

what is a target memory trace?

A

the memory we are looking for

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3
Q

what are retrieval cues?

A

information about the target memory that guides our search

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4
Q

what are associations?

A

the bonds that link items in memory, they vary in strength

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5
Q

what is activation level?

A

memory traces have a level of excitement which determines the accessibility of memories

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6
Q

how does activation level increase?

A

it increase with cues

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7
Q

what is spreading activation?

A

the automatic transmission of energy from a memory to associations

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8
Q

how does activation spread?

A

cues activate the trace memory, spreading activation to other associations

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9
Q

what is spreading activation proportional to?

A

the strength of connections

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10
Q

what is pattern completion?

A

spreading activation from cues leads to reinstatement of a memory

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11
Q

what sort of mechanism is pattern completion?

A

a hippocampal mechanism

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12
Q

how does the relevance of cues determine retrieval?

A

recall is better when cues are strongly related to the target e.g. present at encoding

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13
Q

how does attention to cues determine retrieval?

A

increased attention to cues helps guide retrieval

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14
Q

how does cue-target associative strength determine retrieval?

A

being more familiar with the link between the cue and target aids retrieval

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15
Q

how does the number of cues determine retrieval?

A

additional relevant cues aids retrieval

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16
Q

how does the strength of the target memory determine retrieval?

A

it easier to retrieve a strongly encoded memory compared to a weakly encoded memory

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17
Q

how does retrieval strategy determine retrieval?

A

retrieval is better when information is organised during encoding and you use effective strategies of memory search

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18
Q

how does retrieval mode determine retrieval?

A

having intention to later retrieve a memory increases the chance of retrieval

19
Q

what are direct/explicit retrieval tasks?

A

recalling experiences, requires contextual cues, impaired in amnesics

20
Q

what are indirect/implicit retrieval tasks?

A

measure influence of past experiences which guide behaviour, normal in amnesics

21
Q

what is priming?

A

recent experience with stimulus improves performance

22
Q

what are the 4 contextual cues?

A

cognitive, physiological, mood, spatio-temporal

23
Q

what are cognitive contextual cues?

A

the thoughts that you have about a target

24
Q

what are physiological contextual cues?

A

the physical state you were in during the event e.g. drunk

25
Q

what are mood contextual cues?

A

the emotional state you were in during the event

26
Q

what are spatio-temporal contextual cues?

A

the environment you were in during the event

27
Q

what does context do to help retrieval?

A

it reinstates the original encoding environment

28
Q

what did gooden & baddeley (1975) find in their diving study?

A

retrieval is best when you are testing in the same environment as encoding e.g. underwater

29
Q

what did grant et al (1998) find about study environments?

A

retrieval is best when tested in the same noise conditions as encoding (noisy or quiet)

30
Q

what is state dependent memory?

A

recall depends on the match between physiological state at encoding and retrieval e.g. drunk, under influence

31
Q

why does state dependent memory not apply to recognition tests?

A

we don’t rely on context as much

32
Q

what is mood dependent memory?

A

recall depends on match in mood states at encoding and retrieval

33
Q

what is mood congruent memory?

A

it is easier to recall events with the same emotional tone as your current mood e.g. depressed person recalls more depressive memories

34
Q

what did eich, macaulay & ryan (1994) discover about mood dependent memory?

A

retrieval improves when music or story matches mood of participant

35
Q

what is cognitive context dependent memory?

A

retrieval is better if the same cognitive features and tasks are involved as encoding e.g. thoughts, concepts

36
Q

what did marian & neisser (2000) discover about cognitive context dependent memory?

A

language guides retrieval of memories from a specific background e.g. russian interview = russian memory

37
Q

what is recognition memory?

A

decide whether you have previously seen stimuli or not

38
Q

what is signal detection theory?

A

decide whether you have heard a signal (tone) presented against background noise, with varying intensities

39
Q

what is the response criterion in signal detection theory?

A

answers to the right of the response criterion are ‘old’ stimuli that have been encountered previously

40
Q

what does mandler (1980) say about recognition memory?

A

recognition is based on familiarity and recollection

41
Q

what is familiarity?

A

automatic recognition of seeing item, described by signal detection

42
Q

what is recollection?

A

retrieve additional contextual details

43
Q

what did yonelinas (2002) say about recollection?

A

it is disrupted by divided attention during encoding and retrieval

44
Q

what is tulving’s (1980) remember/know procedure?

A

remembering involves recollecting contextual details, knowing is familiarity of an item

Cognition Yr 2 (10 decks)

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