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Cognition Yr 2 > memory > Flashcards

memory Flashcards

1
Q

what is episodic memory described as?

A

mental time travel

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2
Q

who theorised episodic and semantic memory?

A

edward tulving

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3
Q

how is sematic memory recalled after a short delay?

A

recall the specific episode when learning took place

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4
Q

how is semantic memory recalled after a long delay?

A

retrieve info from the LTM

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5
Q

what did spiers, maguire & burgess (2001) discover about hippocampal amnesia?

A

there is substantial episodic loss but minimal, variable semantic loss

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6
Q

what did clark & maguire (2016) theorise about amnesia?

A

it may affect acquisition of new memories more than the retrieval of old memories

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7
Q

what was discovered about semantic dementia patients’ memory loss?

A

severe semantic damage but intact episodic and cognitive abilities

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8
Q

what is damaged in semantic dementia patients’ brains?

A

anterior frontal and anterior temporal lobes

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9
Q

what are schemas?

A

structured representations of knowledge influenced by socio-cultural factors?

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10
Q

what do schemas affect?

A

encoding and retrieval

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11
Q

what did bartlett discover in his ‘war of the ghosts’ study?

A

ps reconstructed memory using schemas to make the story make sense to them

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12
Q

what did bartlett stress about memory?

A

meaning before effort

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13
Q

what sulin & dooling (1974) find?

A

schema knowledge affects memory recall

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14
Q

what does meaning affect?

A

encoding and storage

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15
Q

what did carmichael et al (1932) find?

A

items were recalled differently depending on what meaning was assigned to them

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16
Q

what did jenkins & russell (1952) find?

A

semantically related words are recalled in clusters

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17
Q

what was paivio’s dual-coding hypothesis?

A

more imageable words are more meaningful as they are encoded visually and verbally

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18
Q

what do multiple encoding routes result in?

A

better recall

19
Q

what is craik & lockhart (1972) levels of processing hypothesis?

A

items are encoded best semantically, followed by phonologically, followed by visually

20
Q

what input contributes most to LTM?

A

semantic input

21
Q

what did craik & lockhart (1975) find?

A

semantic input leads to deeper processing and better recall

22
Q

are different inputs processed simultaneously or sequentially?

A

simultaneously

23
Q

what is transfer-appropriate processing?

A

learning is more efficient when you are tested the same way you learn

24
Q

what did morris, bransford & franks (1977) discover about phonological learning?

A

rhyming recognition tests showed phonological learning led to better recall

25
Q

what does rich and elaborate encoding lead to?

A

better memory

26
Q

what is maintenance rehearsal?

A

remembering info as it was learned

27
Q

what is elaborative rehearsal?

A

linking info to other material

28
Q

what are 4 factors that aid encoding?

A

active creation, LOP/TAP, organisation, create connections

29
Q

what did bower et al (1969) discover about organisation?

A

recall is better when info is organised

30
Q

what did tulving (1962) discover about chunking?

A

memory is benefited by chunking info

31
Q

what are concepts?

A

mental representations and fundamental units of thought

32
Q

how do concepts link in with semantic knowledge?

A

semantic knowledge contains concepts

33
Q

what is collins & quillian’s (1969) hierarchical network model?

A

semantic memory is organised into hierarchical networks

34
Q

what are nodes in the hierarchical network model?

A

they are major concepts

35
Q

what is associated with nodes in the hierarchical network model?

A

properties/features are associated with each node

36
Q

what is a cognitive economy in the hierarchical network model?

A

properties are stored higher up to minimise redundancy

37
Q

where do we infer answers from according to the hierarchical network model?

A

properties of higher nodes

38
Q

what is collins & loftus’ (1975) spreading activation model?

A

semantic memory is organised by semantic relatedness, represented by the length of links

39
Q

how does activation spread in the spreading activation model?

A

between nodes, decreasing when it gets further away from the point of activation

40
Q

what is the deese-roediger-mcdermott paradigm?

A

activation should spread from all presented words to one related word

41
Q

what did mcnamara (1992) discover in his semantic priming tasks?

A

presenting semantically related stimuli with a target word makes processing faster (prime + target)

42
Q

what is situated simulation theory?

A

contect influences processing of concepts

43
Q

what do concepts incorporate according to situated simulation theory?

A

perceptual properties and action/motor properties

Cognition Yr 2 (10 decks)

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