memory Flashcards
what is episodic memory described as?
mental time travel
who theorised episodic and semantic memory?
edward tulving
how is sematic memory recalled after a short delay?
recall the specific episode when learning took place
how is semantic memory recalled after a long delay?
retrieve info from the LTM
what did spiers, maguire & burgess (2001) discover about hippocampal amnesia?
there is substantial episodic loss but minimal, variable semantic loss
what did clark & maguire (2016) theorise about amnesia?
it may affect acquisition of new memories more than the retrieval of old memories
what was discovered about semantic dementia patients’ memory loss?
severe semantic damage but intact episodic and cognitive abilities
what is damaged in semantic dementia patients’ brains?
anterior frontal and anterior temporal lobes
what are schemas?
structured representations of knowledge influenced by socio-cultural factors?
what do schemas affect?
encoding and retrieval
what did bartlett discover in his ‘war of the ghosts’ study?
ps reconstructed memory using schemas to make the story make sense to them
what did bartlett stress about memory?
meaning before effort
what sulin & dooling (1974) find?
schema knowledge affects memory recall
what does meaning affect?
encoding and storage
what did carmichael et al (1932) find?
items were recalled differently depending on what meaning was assigned to them
what did jenkins & russell (1952) find?
semantically related words are recalled in clusters
what was paivio’s dual-coding hypothesis?
more imageable words are more meaningful as they are encoded visually and verbally
what do multiple encoding routes result in?
better recall
what is craik & lockhart (1972) levels of processing hypothesis?
items are encoded best semantically, followed by phonologically, followed by visually
what input contributes most to LTM?
semantic input
what did craik & lockhart (1975) find?
semantic input leads to deeper processing and better recall
are different inputs processed simultaneously or sequentially?
simultaneously
what is transfer-appropriate processing?
learning is more efficient when you are tested the same way you learn
what did morris, bransford & franks (1977) discover about phonological learning?
rhyming recognition tests showed phonological learning led to better recall
what does rich and elaborate encoding lead to?
better memory
what is maintenance rehearsal?
remembering info as it was learned
what is elaborative rehearsal?
linking info to other material
what are 4 factors that aid encoding?
active creation, LOP/TAP, organisation, create connections
what did bower et al (1969) discover about organisation?
recall is better when info is organised
what did tulving (1962) discover about chunking?
memory is benefited by chunking info
what are concepts?
mental representations and fundamental units of thought
how do concepts link in with semantic knowledge?
semantic knowledge contains concepts
what is collins & quillian’s (1969) hierarchical network model?
semantic memory is organised into hierarchical networks
what are nodes in the hierarchical network model?
they are major concepts
what is associated with nodes in the hierarchical network model?
properties/features are associated with each node
what is a cognitive economy in the hierarchical network model?
properties are stored higher up to minimise redundancy
where do we infer answers from according to the hierarchical network model?
properties of higher nodes
what is collins & loftus’ (1975) spreading activation model?
semantic memory is organised by semantic relatedness, represented by the length of links
how does activation spread in the spreading activation model?
between nodes, decreasing when it gets further away from the point of activation
what is the deese-roediger-mcdermott paradigm?
activation should spread from all presented words to one related word
what did mcnamara (1992) discover in his semantic priming tasks?
presenting semantically related stimuli with a target word makes processing faster (prime + target)
what is situated simulation theory?
contect influences processing of concepts
what do concepts incorporate according to situated simulation theory?
perceptual properties and action/motor properties
