reasoning Flashcards
what is inductive reasoning?
start with premise and arrive at conclusion, but conclusion may not be true
what is deductive reasoning?
start with true premise and arrive at valid conclusion
what the 4 approaches to each type of deductive reasoning?
- simplifying strategies
- comprehension of terms
- process models
- effects of framing & experience
what are the quantifiers of syllogisms?
all, none, some, some not
what are the heuristics used in syllogisms?
pick conclusion that matches atmosphere of premise
what is ‘atmosphere’?
quality and quantity (affirmitive/negative, universal/particular)
what did ceraso & provitera (1971) say about comprehension?
clarifying premises reduces error rates
how are mental models formed?
- construct model based on premises
- make composite model and draw conclusions
- validate and check alternatives dont contradict
what happens when more models are considered?
more likely to be correct
what did copeland & radvansky (2004) say about models?
less accurate when consider more models
what did newstead et al (1999) say about models and accuracy?
no correlation between number of models considered and accuracy
what did evans et al (1983) find about believable and valid conclusions?
they are more likely to be guessed correctly
what did klauer et al (2000) find about base rates?
believable invalid and unbelievable valid conclusions are biased by base rates
what is the dual process framework of syllogisms?
if believable = look for consistent models
if unbelievable = look for inconsistent models
what happens if a desired model cant be constructed?
swayed by belief
what are the conditionals of propositional reasoning?
is, and, not , or
what 2 things form a propositional reason?
antecedent and conclusions
what are the wason (1968) selection cards?
pick cards to confirm conclusions drawn from premises
what cards did oaksford & chater (1994) say should be picked?
p and not-q
what are the heuristics used in propositional reasoning (evans and lynch, 1973)?
pick cards that are referred to in question
what does the propositional reasoning heuristic rule out?
confirmation bias
what did gebauer & laming (1997) say about comprehension?
many misunderstand the rule but reason consistently after that
how are mental models formed in propositional reasoning?
draw conclusions for many different models
what did griggs & cox (1982) find plays a role in propositional reasoning?
ecological rationality
what is deontic reasoning?
based on rule-breaking
what did cosmides (1989) say about deontic reasoning?
we are evolved to detect those who violate rules
what did manktelow & over (1990) discover about deontic reasoning?
cheater detection
how does relevance and expected utility affect reasoning?
choose cards based on relevance and expected utility of various cards in the problem
what is the matching heuristic?
items mentioned in rule seem relevant
what is cheater detection?
high utility to finding took-benefit-didn’t-pay
what did girotto et al (2001) say about relevance?
context change causes people to wrongly choose card that seems relevant
what did sperber & girotto (2002) say about selection tasks?
selection task as tool for studying human inference has been grossly overestimated
