factors that facilitate learning

Question 1

what is the total-time hypothesis?

Answer 1

the amount of time spent learning is linked with the amount of material that is retained

Question 2

who created the total-time hypothesis?

Answer 2

ebbinghaus

Question 3

how does practice facilitate learning?

Answer 3

practice drives brain plasticity

Question 4

maguire et al (2000)

Answer 4

taxi drivers had increased posterior hippocampus in relation to the time they had been driving taxis

Question 5

draginski et al (2006)

Answer 5

med students had larger gray matter volume in parietal cortex and posterior hippocampus 3 months after exam period

Question 6

what did ericsson (2013) say about practice?

Answer 6

effects of practice will eventually level off

Question 7

what is the expansion normalisation hypothesis?

Answer 7

structural changes will normalise eventually to facilitate new/important learning

Question 8

what is the spacing effect/distributed practice?

Answer 8

distribute study over a longer period of time to improve retention

Question 9

melton (1970)

Answer 9

word lists presented after lag better recalled than those presented without a lag

Question 10

baddeley & longman (1978)

Answer 10

typists reach same level when practicing 2 or 4 hours/week for 4 weeks as those practicing 1 hour/week for 11 weeks, spacing isnt always beneficial

Question 11

what is the lag effect?

Answer 11

spacing learning is more beneficial

Question 12

xue et al (2010)

Answer 12

brain activity was similar during study-phase retrieval

Question 13

what is deficient processing?

Answer 13

less attention is paid to new items when presented soon after the previous item, need delay between learning for better attention

Question 14

what is encoding variability?

Answer 14

we associate new things with material each time we learn it, memories are stronger when there a multiple variations of encoding

Question 15

what is study-phase retrieval?

Answer 15

our 2nd study reminds us of our 1st study, strengthing our memory, retention is better when recall is more effortful

Question 16

kornell & bjork (2006)

Answer 16

paintings are better learnt when presented with a lag

Question 17

what is the testing effect?

Answer 17

retrieving something ourselves strengthens our memory

Question 18

karpicke & roediger (2008)

Answer 18

retention was better with continuous testing rather than no testing and continuous study

Question 19

butler and roediger (2008)

Answer 19

feedback on errors improves accurate retention

Question 20

karpicke & blunt (2011)

Answer 20

science passage better recalled and able to answer inferential questions when tested immediately rather than no testing

Question 21

who created the expanding retrieval method?

Answer 21

landauer & bjork (1978)

Question 22

what is the expanding retrieval method?

Answer 22

combine spacing and testing in order for optimal retention

Question 23

what effect does motivation have on learning?

Answer 23

motivation leads to better learning in automatic and strategic ways

Question 24

what is automatic?

Answer 24

internal or external motives to learn

Question 25

what is strategic?

Answer 25

deep and elaborate memorisation techniques for high value items

Question 26

what effect does curiosity have on learning?

Answer 26

curiosity effects internal motivation to learn

Question 27

gruber et al (2014)

Answer 27

better learning occurs with higher curiosity

Question 28

what can occur with motivation and curiosity?

Answer 28

motivation and curiosity can lead to better incidental learning

Question 29

how does curiosity affect the brain?

Answer 29

curiosity creates a state favoured to learning new info, linked with the hippocampus

Question 30

what does learning involve?

Answer 30

learning involves strengthening connections of co-active neurons

Question 31

what is hebb’s cell assemblies theory?

Answer 31

cell assemblies occur when 2 or more nerve cells are excited simultaneously

Question 32

what does ‘neurons that fire together, wire together’ mean?

Answer 32

the chemistry of the synapse (gap) changes, meaning one neuron is more likely to have action potential if the other has

Question 33

what did bliss and lomo (1972) discover?

Answer 33

long term potentiation (LTP)

Question 34

what is long term potentiation?

Answer 34

stimulated axonal pathways lead to lasting increases in electrical potential in post-synaptic neurons

Question 35

how does long term potentiation affect memory?

Answer 35

LTP is represented in the hippocampus and surrounding regions associated with LTM