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Cognition Yr 2 > motivated forgetting > Flashcards

motivated forgetting Flashcards

1
Q

what is the positivity bias?

A

tendency to recall more pleasant memories than neutral or unpleasant memories

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2
Q

what is the relationship between the positivity bias and age?

A

the positivity bias increases with age

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3
Q

what did charles, mather & cartensen (2003) discover about the positivity bias?

A

older people recall 2x more positive memories than negative

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4
Q

in what way are adults better at emotion regulation?

A

they are better at evaluating, altering and gating memories and emotions

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5
Q

what is repression?

A

unconscious forgetting

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6
Q

what is suppression?

A

conscious forgetting

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7
Q

what are 3 methods to control what we remember?

A
  • limit encoding
  • prevent retrieval
  • stop retrieval
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8
Q

what is psychogenic amnesia?

A

profound forgetting, typically of significant events and major periods

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9
Q

what are the two types of psychogenic amnesia?

A

global or situation specific

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10
Q

what is the item method of directed forgetting?

A

p’s told to ‘forget’ or ‘remember’ certain items

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11
Q

what did basden & basden (1996) find in their item method study?

A

better recall of ‘remember’ items, effects reflect differences in encoding

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12
Q

how do ‘forget’ instructions affect encoding?

A

release attention and stop rehearsal

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13
Q

how do ‘remember’ instructions affect encoding?

A

elaborative semantic coding

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14
Q

what is encoding suppression?

A

‘forget’ instructions engage an active process that disrupts encoding

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15
Q

what is the list method of directed forgetting?

A

told to ‘forget’ list 1 or told to ‘remember’ list 1 and 2

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16
Q

what did gieselman, bjork & fishman (1983) find in their list method study?

A

‘forget’ impairs recall of list 1 but reduces proactive interference on list 2, effects reflect differences in retrieval

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17
Q

what did joslyn & oakes (2005) find in their diary study?

A

‘forget’ impaired recall of week 1 events

18
Q

what is the retrieval inhibition hypothesis?

A

‘forget’ inhibits list 1 by reducing the activation level

19
Q

what is the context shift hypothesis?

A

‘forget’ mentally separates list 1 and 2 by causing a context shift, the list 2 context lingers into the test

20
Q

what did sahakyan & kelley (2002) discover about the context shift hypothesis?

A

there was a context shift without ‘forget’ instruction so part of directed forgetting always comes from context shift

21
Q

what is behavioural/action inhibitory control?

A

initiate, discontinue or prevent motor actions based on goals

22
Q

what task is used for behavioural/action inhibitory control?

A

go/no go task

23
Q

what is cognitive inhibitory control?

A

control thoughts in accordance to goals

24
Q

what task is used in cognitive inhibitory control?

A

think/no think task

25
Q

how do more suppression trials affect suppression?

A

suppression increase with more suppression trials

26
Q

who shows diminished suppression?

A

those with less cognitive control e.g. PTSD

27
Q

what did catarino et al (2019) discover about PTSD and suppression?

A

those with PTSD has diminished suppression

28
Q

what is spontaneous recovery?

A

re-emergence of forgotten memories, rarely return to full strength

29
Q

what did underwood (1948) discover about episodic memories and spontaneous recovery?

A

there is initial retroactive interference but recall improves after 30 mins

30
Q

what did macleod & macrae (2001) say about inhibition?

A

inhibition reduces over time

31
Q

what is reminiscence?

A

recovery without re-learning

32
Q

what is hypermnesia?

A

opposite of amnesia, recall improves with repeated testing

33
Q

what did erdelyi & kleinbard (1978) discover about hypermnesia?

A

hypermnesia is better with imageable items

34
Q

what did bluck, levine & laulhere (1999) discover about hypermnesia?

A

hympermnesia improves recall in public events

35
Q

what is cue reinstatement?

A

cues can reinstate memories for unattended items

36
Q

what did smith & moynan (2008) discover about cue reinstatement?

A

category cues eliminate the forgetting effect

37
Q

what are source misattribution errors?

A

struggle to remember where memory came from e.g. dream, movie

38
Q

what are 2 avenues of memory recovery?

A

suggestive therapy and spontaneous recovery

39
Q

what is a problem with suggestive therapy?

A

memories may reflect therapist’s suggestions

40
Q

is suggestive therapy or spontaneous recovery more likely to be genuine?

A

spontaneous recovery

41
Q

what did geraerts et al (2007) say about memory recovery?

A

not all recovered memories are the same

42
Q

what did geraerts et al (2006) say about context and recovery?

A

recovery is diminished if the perspective/context differs

Cognition Yr 2 (10 decks)

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