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S2 Neuroscience > Reticular Formation > Flashcards

Reticular Formation Flashcards

1
Q

what is it?

A

network or reticulum of many neurons that comprises the core of the neuroaxis

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2
Q

RF

  • composed of…
  • consequently…
A

many well-defined groups of neurons that receive collaterals from all ascending and descending systems and distribute their axons widely in caudal and rostral directions
consequently, all levels of the CNS are interconnected either directly or indirectly by way of the reticular formation

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3
Q

nuclei in the reticular formation have a role in…

A

regulating muscle tone for postural control during voluntary and reflexive movement
modulating the sense of pain
regulating arousal, sleep, and attention
coordinating autonomic respiratory and cardiac function

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4
Q

which areas of the RF are we concerned with?

A

central division
raphe nuclei
miscellaneous nuclei

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5
Q

central division

  • what zones?
  • how large?
A

medial and lateral zones

largest division

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6
Q

raphe nuclei

  • what zone?
  • location
A

midline zone

thin column of neurons along midline of brainstem

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7
Q

RF miscellaneous nuclei we care about

A

PPRF
pedunculopontine nucleus
locus ceruleus
ventral tegmental area

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8
Q

central division

  • where does it begin
  • where does it end
A

begins as continuation of the central gray interneuron network of the spinal cord (Lamina X)
ends in midbrain

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9
Q

central division medial and lateral zones

  • which is larger
  • which is afferent
  • which is efferent
A 
medial zone
-larger
-efferent
lateral
-smaller
-afferent
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10
Q

central division lateral zone neurons

  • characteristic
  • recieve collateral input from…
A

large dendrites
receive collateral input from
-all sensory and motor information carried by cranial nerves, spinal sensory pathways, and corticospinal, corticobulbar, and corticopontine pathways

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11
Q

central division lateral zone

-what inputs are integrated in this area

A

sensory and cortical

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12
Q

central division lateral zone

-relays integrated information to…

A 
the medial zone
also projects to the
-cerebrum
-cerebellum
-thalamus (central median nucleus)
-spinal cord
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13
Q

central division medial zone

-gives rise to the…

A

major efferent pathways from the reticular formation

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14
Q

central division medial zone

-major functions

A

vital function regulation

somatic motor activity regulation

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15
Q

nuclei of the medial zone receive input from…

A

lateral zone
variety of peripheral receptors, including the carotid body relayed through the solitary nucleus
hypothalamus
prefrontal cortex

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16
Q

how does the medial zone regulate vital cardiac and respiratory function

A

through output to
-preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the lateral horn of the thoracic spinal cord
AND
-preganglionic parasympathetic neurons associated with the vagus nerve (cardiac)
AND
-spinal cord for somatic control of motor neurons in the spinal cord that regulate inhalation and expiration

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17
Q

patients with lesions to the brainstem in areas involved in vital function regulation have what problems?

A

abnormal respiratory patterns
difficulty regulating BP with HTN
additional reticular nuclei regulate swallowing and vomiting

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18
Q

somatic motor activity regulation (medial zone)

  • nuclei in the pons and medulla receive input from the…
  • this input comes via the…
A 
input from
-cortex (corticoreticular pathway)
-cerebellum
-vestibular nuclei
-somatosensory areas
via the lateral zone
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19
Q

somatic motor activity regulation (medial zone)

-what do these nuclei do with the info they receive via lateral zone

A

influence LMNs for the purpose of regulating postural, reflexive, and voluntary muscle control

20
Q

somatic motor activity regulation (medial zone)

  • fibers that influence LMNs descend in…
  • how do they descend?
A

descend in two separate pathways
both pathways descend ipsilaterally, but then can synapse on interneurons both ipsilaterally and contralaterally
thus, influence can be seen bilaterally

21
Q

tracts within the medial zone

A

medial (pontine) reticulospinal tract

lateral (medullary) reticulospinal tract

22
Q

medial reticulospinal tract

-part of which activation system

A

part of medial activation system

23
Q

medial reticulospinal tract cell bodies

  • originate in…
  • descend in _____ as part of…
  • end in…
A

originate in pontine RF

descend in ventral funiculus as part of the MLF to end in medial parts of ventral horn, primarily at a cervical level

24
Q

medial reticulospinal tract

-function

A

facilitate tonic facilitation of axial or postural flexors along with proximal joint muscles

25
Q

lateral reticulospinal tract

-part of what activation system

A

part of lateral activation system

26
Q

lateral reticulospinal tract cell bodies

  • originate in…
  • descend in _____ to the _____
A

originate in the medullary reticular formation

descend in the lateral funiculus to the lateral side of the ventral horn at all levels

27
Q

lateral reticulospinal tract

-function

A

assist the lateral vestibulospinal pathway in tonically facilitating LMNs of the extensors and inhibiting flexors
this tonic activity also influences the gamma motor neuron system to assist in the sensitivity of stretch reflex activity

28
Q

raphe nuclei

-location

A

located in brainstem along the midline just anterior to the periaqueductal gray (central gray)

29
Q

raphe nuclei

-many of the neurons use what neurotransmitter

A

serotonin (5-HT)

30
Q

raphe nuclei

  • receive input from…
  • output consists of…
A

receive input from a wide variety of brainstem, cortical, cerebellar and spinal areas
output consists of ascending and descending pathways

31
Q

raphe nuclei ascending pathways

  • what type of neurons
  • play a major role in
  • projects to…
A

serotonergic neurons
play a major role in the reticular activating system that regulates
-arousal
-sleep
-mood
projection of the neuronal pathways is throughout the cerebrum and brainstem

32
Q

raphe nuclei descending pathways

  • what type of neurons
  • function
A

serotonergic
modulate pain input at the level of the “gate” in dorsal horn of the spinal gray
modulate visceral and facial pain

33
Q

raphe nuclei descending pathways

  • which nerves correspond with visceral and facial pain
  • modulation of these occurs where?
A 
visceral
-CN X
facial
-CN V
occurs at
-solitary nucleus
-spinal trigeminal nucleus
34
Q

raphe nuclei descending pathways

-what is important to activation of this system?

A

input from periaqueductal gray area that is receiving input from spinoreticular pathways (part of anterolateral system)

35
Q

raphespinal pathway

  • specific or nonspecific
  • function
A

nonspecific
function
-provides diffuse activation of motor neurons in the anterior horn
-may be involved in influencing motor output during levels of high motivation or arousal

36
Q

what do raphespinal neurons in the lateral horn influence?

A

cardiovascular system

37
Q

miscellaneous RF nuclei

A

paramedian pontine RF
pedunculopontine nucleus
locus ceruleus
ventral tegmental area

38
Q

PPRF

  • associated with what nerves
  • located at level of…
A

associated with CNs of extraocular eye muscles

located at level of facial colliculus, surrounding abducens nucleus

39
Q

pedunculopontine nucleus

  • an _____ nucleus
  • located in…
  • projects to..
A 
an Ach nucleus
located in caudal midbrain
projects to parts of the
-basal ganglia
-vestibular nuclei
-reticular spinal nuclei
40
Q

pedunculopontine nucleus

  • function
  • sends rhythmic impulses to…
A

thought to have a role as a brainstem central pattern generator to induce walking without cerebral control
sends rhythmic impulses to caudate and putamen of the basal ganglia

41
Q

locus ceruleus

  • what type of system
  • location
A

major norepinephrine system
location
-rostral pontine central gray region

42
Q

locus ceruleus

  • receives input from…
  • sends input to…
A

receives only restricted input from two brainstem nuclei

sends widespread ascending and descending connections

43
Q

locus ceruleus ascending connections

  • ascend to…
  • function
A 
ascend to
-thalamus
-hypothalamus
-basal forebrain
-neocortex
involved in ability to maintain and direct attention
44
Q

locus ceruleus descending cerulospinal tract

-function

A

provides nonspecific activation of the motor neuron pool in the anterior horn
provides modulation of pain information in the dorsal horn

45
Q

ventral tegmental area

  • what type of system
  • what is the other system like this?
A

dopamine projecting system

the othe ris from substantia nigra

46
Q

ventral tegmental area

  • fibers project to…
  • function
A

project to limbic and frontal cortical areas

believed to play a role in cognition (decision making) and motivation

47
Q

ventral tegmental area

  • projections to the frontal lobe are balance with the _____ pathways
  • disturbances in these systems play a role in ____
A

balanced with the serotonergic pathways

disturbances play a role in depression and other disorders of cognition and affect

S2 Neuroscience (25 decks)

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