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S2 Neuroscience > Cerebellum > Flashcards

Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

cerebellum

-functions

A

smoothing and sequencing of movements
supporting postural adjustments and eye movements
establishing and modifying motor programs
interacts with ascending sensory pathways, vision, vestibular function, and cortical plans for movement
provides comparison of internal and external feedback
modifies central motor programs
provides a center for motor learning or memory

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2
Q

does the cerebellum run under excitatory or inhibitory control?

A

inhibitory

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3
Q

if you have increased intracranial pressure in the posterior fossa, what portion of the cerebellum may herniate through the foramen magnum and affect the medulla

A

cerebellar tonsils

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4
Q

what are the deep cerebellar nuclei

-location

A 
fastigial nuclei
dentate nuclei
interposed nuclei
-globose nucleus
-emboliform nucleus
located in the white matter of the cerebellum, deep to the cortical circuitry
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5
Q

what cells inhibit the deep cerebellar nuclei

A

purkinje cells

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6
Q

cerebellar lobes

A

anterior
posterior
flocculonodular

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7
Q

if cerebellar tonsils pinch the medulla, what would the symptoms be?

A 
pressure-like headaches at the back of the skull that worsen with physical strain or coughing; often with neck pain
hoarseness or swallowing problems
sleep apnea
weakness or numbness in an extremity
balance problems
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8
Q

deep cerebellar nuclei influence lower motor neuron activity through…

A

indirect connections to descending motor systems

  • vestibulospinal
  • reticulospinal
  • rubrospinal
  • corticospinal
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9
Q

layers of the cerebellar cortex

A

outer layer
middle layer
granular layer

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10
Q

cerebellar cortex: outer layer

-composition

A 
axons and dendrites
molecular layer (no cell bodies)
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11
Q

cerebellar cortex: middle layer

  • composition
  • function
  • receives…
A

Purkinje cells
-form the output of the cerebellar cortex
influence the activity of the deep cerebellar nuclei by inhibiting them
recieves one major afferent system

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12
Q

cerebellar cortex: granular layer

  • receives majority of input from…
  • -how does it receive it?
  • axons of this layer form majority of axons in _____ and synapse on _____
A

receives the majority of input from afferent systems
-via mossy fibers
form majority of axons in molecular layer and synapse on dendrites of the purkinje cells

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13
Q

dentatorubrothalamic pathway

  • function
  • involved in…
  • how does it work
A

primary efferent pathway
involved with motor planning
-before voluntary movements, alterations in dentate neural activity precede changes in cortex activity –> coordination, planning, and timing of movements

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14
Q

what are the spinocerebellar afferent pathways

-where are the pathways found?

A

high fidelity pathways (inferior cerebellar peduncle)
-posterior spinocerebellar
-cuneocerebellar
internal feedback tracts (superior cerebellar peduncle)
-anterior/ventral spinocerebellar
-rostrospinocerebellar

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15
Q

ventral and rostral spinocerebellar pathways

  • carry what information
  • what is the pathway of this information?
  • tracts cross through
A

carry integrated information of both sensory and motor activity from the ipsilateral cord
cross contralateral at a spinal cord segment and then recross through the superior cerebellar peduncle

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16
Q

ventral and rostral spinocerebellar pathways

-function

A

provide internal feedback by monitoring the activity of spinal interneurons and of descending motor signals from the cerebral cortex and brainstem

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17
Q

posterior spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar pathways

  • function
  • tracts run through…
A

relay high-fidelity ipsilateral proprioceptive information from the lower and upper extremities
tracts run through inferior cerebellar peduncle

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18
Q

how does diabetes affect the spinocerebellar afferent pathways

A

dysfunction of proprioceptive neurons can cause increased sway during stance, along with ataxia

19
Q

middle cerebellar peduncle

  • what fibers?
  • fibers are carrying…
  • these fibers are relayed through…
  • this relay receives _____ from _____
A

pontocerebellar fibers that are carrying information relayed through pontine nuclei in the ventral pons
this relay receives cortical information from all parts of the cortex

20
Q

inferior cerebellar peduncle

-contains what pathways

A 
dorsal spinocerebellar
cuneocerebellar
olivocerebellar
trigeminocerebellar
vestibulocerebellar
fastigiovestibular
21
Q

inferior cerebellar peduncle: dorsal spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar pathways
-function

A

carry specific joint and muscle information encoded by GTOs, muscle spindles, and joint capsule receptors

dorsal: LE
cuneo: UE

22
Q

inferior cerebellar peduncle: olivocerebellar pathway

  • arises from…
  • gives rise to…
A

arises from contralateral inferior olivary complex

gives rise to climbing fibers

23
Q

inferior cerebellar peduncle: trigeminocerebellar pathways

-function

A

carry similar somatosensory information from the face, jaw, and extraocular eye muscles

24
Q

inferior cerebellar peduncle: vestibulocerebellar pathway

-function

A

carries axons from the vestibular nuclei as well as direct fibers from vestibular apparatus

25
Q

inferior cerebellar peduncle: fastigiovestibular pathway

-function

A

carries an efferent pathway from the fastigial and interposed nuclei to the vestibular nuclei and reticular nuclei
there are some purkinje cell axons that bypass the deep cerebellar nuclei and project directly to the vestibular nuclei

26
Q

in normal circumstances, function of the mossy fibers

A

convey somatosensory, equilibrium, and cerebral cortex information –> Granule cell –> Purkinje cell

27
Q

when movement errors occur, what happens?

A

inferior olivary complex sends a signal using climbing fibers
these fibers send a strong signal to Purkinje cells, which adjust the firing pattern and therefore output of the cerebellum, so that motor learning takes place

28
Q

climbing fibers are thought to…

A

send a “teaching” signal” to the cerebellum, for motor learning

29
Q

functional divisions of the cerebellum

A

spinocerebellum
vestibulocerebellum
cerebrocerebellum

30
Q

vestibulocerebellum

  • composition
  • how does it work
  • function
A

made up of flocculonodular lobe
how
-receives input from the vestibular nuclei and apparatus
-sends received information back to influence vestibular nuclei function and reticulospinal pathways
function
-controls equilibirum, eye movements, trunk and postural tone

31
Q

spinocerebellum

  • contains
  • receives info from…
A 
contains
-majority of the vermis and paravermal zones
-much of the anterior lobs
receives information from
-spinal cord (muscle spindle, GTO, touch information)
-auditory
-visual
-vestibular
-trigeminal
-motor cortex
32
Q

spinocerebellum

  • output is to…
  • function
A

output is to medial and lateral descending pathways (reticulospinal and vestibulospinal) through both the interposed and fastigial nuclei
involved in controlling limb movements and muscle tone for error correction resulting in coordinated movements
functions more at proximal limb joints

33
Q

cerebrocerebellum

  • composition
  • receives info from…
A

composition
-lateral parts of the cerebellar hemispheres, primarily the posterior lobe
receives information from widespread areas of the cortex via pontine nuclei

34
Q

cerebrocerebellum

  • primary output
  • functions
A

primary output
-motor and premotor cortex through the dentatorubrothalamic pathway
functions
-planning and coordination of voluntary movements
-“memory” of those movements

35
Q

unilateral cerebellar lesions

  • affects which side of body?
  • -why?
A

affects ipsilateral body
-efferents either go to ipsilateral medial descending tracts
OR
-project to contralateral cortex and red nucleus, who descending tracts cross back over

36
Q

S/S of vermal and flocculonodular lobe cerebellar lesion

A

trunk ataxia

37
Q

S/S of paravermal lesion

A

gait and limb ataxia

38
Q

S/S of lateral cerebellar lesion

A

hand ataxia

39
Q

S/S of vestibulocerebellum lesion

A

nystagmus
dysequilibrium
poor trunk balance

40
Q

S/S of spinocerebellar lesions

A

limb ataxia –> ataxic gait pattern

41
Q

S/S of cerebrocerebellar lesions

A

dysdiadochokinesia
dysmetria
action tremor

42
Q

what is dysdiadochokinesia

A

impaired ability to perform rapid, alternating movements

43
Q

what is dysmetria

A

type of ataxia

  • lack of coordination of movement
  • inability to judge distance or scale
44
Q

cerebrocerebellum lesion

-affects promixal or distal limb movements

A

distal

S2 Neuroscience (25 decks)

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