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S2 Neuroscience > Cortex > Flashcards

Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

cortex deep layers

  • contain…
  • function
A

contain white matter (axons) that interconnects the various areas of the overlying cortex

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2
Q

external surface of cerebral hemispheres

-composed of…

A

composed of gray matter (containing neuronal cell bodies) which is convoluted

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3
Q

external surface convolutions

  • crest is called…
  • groove is called…
A

crest is a gyrus

groove is a sulcus or fissure

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4
Q

cerebral cortex’s function organization most easily demonstrated in…

A

somatosensory homunculi in either side of the central sulcus

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5
Q

methods of subdividing lobes of the cortex

A

into gyri and sulci
according to cytoarchitectural arrangement of the neurons as they are differentially arranged in the various regions of the cortex

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6
Q

Brodmann’s areas are based on…

A

primarily based on cytoarchitectural criteria

also a strong association with discrete functions (taste, vision, primary motor, etc)

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7
Q

neurons within the cortical mantle can be classified according to…

A

target of their axonal projection

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8
Q

interneuron descriptioin function in the cortex

A

axons that within the same cortical region and connect the different layers of that particular cortical region

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9
Q

types of neurons in the cortex with neurons that leave that particular cortical region

A

projection neurons
association neurons
comissural neurons

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10
Q

projection neurons

-describe

A

project to subcortical areas

-basal ganglia, thalamus, brainstem, spinal cord

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11
Q

association neurons

-describe

A

connections between areas of cortex within the same hemisphere

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12
Q

commissural neurons

-describe

A

connections between areas in the contralateral hemisphere (cross via corpus callosum, anterior commissure)

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13
Q

interhemispheric transfer of information

  • the hemispheres are highly interconnected via…
  • each area of cortex on one side sends axons to…
A

via corpus callosum and anterior commissure

each area sends axons to identical area on the other side

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14
Q

interhemispheric connectivity

-important for…

A

storing memory on both sides of the brain

comparing the left and right halves of the body and external environment

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15
Q

primary sensory cortices

-what do they do

A

regions that first interpret the encoding of sensory information
very specific, just “pieces” of the actual perception of that sensation or thought

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16
Q

association areas of cortex

  • function
  • what happens without these areas
A

put the encoded sensation into context

without these, individual stimulus makes little sense

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17
Q

association areas of cortex

-can be _____ or _____

A

specific to a single modality or respond to multiple modalities
-referred to as bimodal or multimodal cortical regions

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18
Q

association areas are used to…

A

put complex messages together such as location of self within the visual or environmental space

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19
Q

long term memories

  • reside in
  • where
A

reside in cortex

-how and where is poorly understood

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20
Q

latest idea on where long term memories are stored

-example

A

memory is parceled out to anatomically separated areas that are close to the primary cortical area
memory of a flower is stored as separate entities of smell, color, feel

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21
Q

there are _____ and _____ areas that are connected to each of the modality-specific association areas

  • function
  • there areas are critical in…
  • this access takes place through…
A

cortical and thalamic areas
seem to function in laying down the entire memory
critical in retrieval of memories, needing only a part of the entire memory to access the entire memory
access takes place through multimodal areas of the cortex

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22
Q

as we mature, one hemisphere…

A

takes responsibility for language comprehension and speech

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23
Q

hand dominance is correlated with _____, but…

A

dominant hemisphere, but this is now how hemisphere dominance is determined

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24
Q

most people are _____ hemisphere dominant

A

left

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25
Q

non-dominant hemisphere appears to specialize in…

A

nonverbal, non-mathematical domains or functions such as

  • music appreciation
  • artistic activity
  • appreciation for the significance of sensory stimuli (ignore or pay attention to stimuli)
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26
Q

dominant hemisphere is defined by presence of…

A

language

-both speech component and comprehensive component

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27
Q

what areas are involved in the motor planning part of speech production
-this is called…

A

parts of the inferior frontal gyrus that lie anterior the the face region of precentral gyrus
Broca’s Area (BA 44, 45)

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28
Q

what areas are involved in the comprehension of language

-this is called…

A

parts of the parietal lobe and superior temporal gyrus that are located at the caudal tip of the lateral fissure
Wernicke’s area (BA 22, 39)

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29
Q

the non-dominant hemisphere has similar cytoarchitectural areas to the dominant hemisphere, but they are involved in…
-referred to as…

A

production and/or comprehension of inflection, emotion, or color components of language
referred to as prosody

30
Q

define prosody

A

left or dominant hemisphere is responsible for the production and understanding of language, which the right or non-dominant hemisphere is responsible for putting the emotional context to the mechanics of the words and understanding the emotion of the words

31
Q

what other parts seems to play a role in language

-experimental stimulation of this area results in…

A

supplementary motor cortex

experimental stimulation results in vocalization of sustained vowel sounds

32
Q

what is located in BA 6

A

premotor and supplementary motor cortical regions

33
Q

premotor cortex

  • located on what side of BA 6
  • receives…
A

lateral surface
receives a majority of the thalamocortical projections from the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus (VL; cerebellar connections)

34
Q

supplementary motor cortex

-receives…

A

majority of thalamocortical projections from both the ventrolateral and ventral anterior thalamic nuclei (VL/VA; basal ganglia connections)

35
Q

stimulation of the lateral premotor region results in…

A

movements of contralateral limb (mostly proximal joints)

36
Q

ablation of lateral premotor regions results in…

-this is termed…

A

loss of interjoint coordination indicating deficits in coordination of timing for each joint
termed apraxia

37
Q

stimulation of supplementary motor cortex results in…

A

multijoint movements of the extremities
may be displayed bilaterally as postural and proximal joint responses
grasping can be elicited, but not from a fine motor standpoint

38
Q

supplementary motor cortex seems to be most active when…

A

movement is internally generated rather than sensory generated

39
Q

both “premotor” (premotor and supplementary) regions send efferents to…

A

primary motor cortex

40
Q

both “premotor” regions

-do motor responses need to go through BA 4

A

no

41
Q

where else do the premotor regions contribute fibers to?

A

corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts

42
Q

a major component of the efferent pathway from supplementary motor area is to _____, as a component of _____

A

brainstem reticular motor areas, as a component of the corticoreticulospinal pathway

43
Q

frontla lobe motor areas

A 
primary motor cortex
supplementary motor area
lateral premotor area
frontal eye fields
motor writing center of Exner
Broca's Area
44
Q

primary motor cortex

  • location
  • area
A

precentral gyrus

area 4

45
Q

supplementary motor area

  • location
  • area
A

midline area 6 rostral to paracentral lobule

46
Q

lateral premotor area

-area

A

area 6

47
Q

Frontal Eye Fields

  • area
  • contains
A 
area 8
contains
-lateral gaze center
-vertical gaze center
-vergence gaze center
48
Q

Motor Writing Center of Exner

-area

A

area 8

49
Q

Broca’s Area

-areas

A

44, 45

50
Q

areas of the frontal lobe that are located rostral to the motor defined areas are referred to as…

A

Prefrontal Cortex

51
Q

non-motor cortical regions of the frontal lobe are divided into…
-includes

A

lateral prefrontal region
orbitofrontal region
includes midline cortical areas located rostral and inferior to the corpus callosum

52
Q

lateral prefrontal cortex

-function

A

functions in self-awareness and executive function or goal-oriented behavior

53
Q

executive function or goal-oriented behavior (lateral prefrontal cortex) can be parceled out as…

A

deciding on a goal
planning how to accomplish the goal
executing the plan
monitoring the execution of the plan

54
Q

orbitofrontal cortex

  • function…
  • this area also associated with…
A

functions in attaching or interpreting emotion within the context of the situation
also associated with limbic system function
-specifically the amygdala

55
Q

orbitofrontal cortex specific functions

A 
regulating mood (subjective feelings)
affect (observable demeanor)
processing of some type of memory (emotionally charged, fear)
56
Q

prefrontal cortex relation to RF

-what is its function within this relationship

A

functions as part of the system that is activated by the RF
purpose is to
-direct attention (awareness, cognition) to the ongoing environment (consciousness)
-choose the best response

57
Q

what are the neurotransmitters (pathways) of the RF that have been associated with specific cortical functions

A

serotonin
norepinephrine
Ach
dopamine

58
Q

serotonin

  • associated with what structure
  • function
A

raphe nuclei

generalized arousal level

59
Q

norepinephrine

  • associated with what structure
  • function
A

locus ceruleus

direction of consciousness

60
Q

Ach

  • associated with what structures
  • function
A

pedunculopontine nucleus
-selection of object of attention, ased upon goals
Basal forebrain

61
Q

basal forebrain

  • function
  • loss of cholinergic neurons in this area are implicated in…
A

general arousal of cortex

implicated in Alzheimer’s disease

62
Q

dopamine

  • associated with what structure
  • function
A

ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra

motivation, motor activity, cognition, pleasure

63
Q

parietal lobe

-how do the lateralized differences affect how the sides function

A

different functions with respect to spatial awareness

64
Q

parietal lobe

-which side is more dominant

A

right hemisphere (not same as hemisphere dominance)

65
Q

parietal lobe: R (dominant hemisphere)

-what is it dominant in?

A

in terms of understanding the “entire” spatial map as it is interpreted by both the proprioceptive and visual systems

66
Q

effect of damage to the R parietal lobe

A

profound consequences in attending to the left side of the body and to left visual space

67
Q

effect of damage to the L parietal lobe

A

only minimal and non-lasting effect on attending to the R side of the body and visual space

68
Q

parietal lobe: neglect (hemineglect)

  • when is it seen
  • what happens?
A

phenomenon that is seen following damage to the R parietal lobe
following damage, patients tend to “ignore” the left side of visual, auditory and body space

69
Q

parietal lobe: extinction

  • what is it
  • attention may be directed to…
A

form of inattention that manifests when stimuli are presented in multiple attentional areas
attention may be directed to a stimulus presented contra to the parietal lobe lesion (contralesional)

70
Q

parietal lobe: extinction

-if a stimulus is presented on both side simultaneously…

A

it is attended to only on the intact side and “ignored” on the involved side

71
Q

parietal lobe: extinction

-can be evoked with…

A

visual, tactile or auditory stimuli, or combinations of different stimulus modalities

72
Q

for the extinction test to be accurate, it requires…

-this is a subtle variation of…

A

requires that the damage has not involved the primary sensory area
-this is a subtle variation of neglect

S2 Neuroscience (25 decks)

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