Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

S2 Neuroscience > Cortex > Flashcards

Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

cortex deep layers

  • contain…
  • function
A

contain white matter (axons) that interconnects the various areas of the overlying cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

external surface of cerebral hemispheres

-composed of…

A

composed of gray matter (containing neuronal cell bodies) which is convoluted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

external surface convolutions

  • crest is called…
  • groove is called…
A

crest is a gyrus

groove is a sulcus or fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cerebral cortex’s function organization most easily demonstrated in…

A

somatosensory homunculi in either side of the central sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

methods of subdividing lobes of the cortex

A

into gyri and sulci
according to cytoarchitectural arrangement of the neurons as they are differentially arranged in the various regions of the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Brodmann’s areas are based on…

A

primarily based on cytoarchitectural criteria

also a strong association with discrete functions (taste, vision, primary motor, etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

neurons within the cortical mantle can be classified according to…

A

target of their axonal projection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

interneuron descriptioin function in the cortex

A

axons that within the same cortical region and connect the different layers of that particular cortical region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

types of neurons in the cortex with neurons that leave that particular cortical region

A

projection neurons
association neurons
comissural neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

projection neurons

-describe

A

project to subcortical areas

-basal ganglia, thalamus, brainstem, spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

association neurons

-describe

A

connections between areas of cortex within the same hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

commissural neurons

-describe

A

connections between areas in the contralateral hemisphere (cross via corpus callosum, anterior commissure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

interhemispheric transfer of information

  • the hemispheres are highly interconnected via…
  • each area of cortex on one side sends axons to…
A

via corpus callosum and anterior commissure

each area sends axons to identical area on the other side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

interhemispheric connectivity

-important for…

A

storing memory on both sides of the brain

comparing the left and right halves of the body and external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

primary sensory cortices

-what do they do

A

regions that first interpret the encoding of sensory information
very specific, just “pieces” of the actual perception of that sensation or thought

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

association areas of cortex

  • function
  • what happens without these areas
A

put the encoded sensation into context

without these, individual stimulus makes little sense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

association areas of cortex

-can be _____ or _____

A

specific to a single modality or respond to multiple modalities
-referred to as bimodal or multimodal cortical regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

association areas are used to…

A

put complex messages together such as location of self within the visual or environmental space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

long term memories

  • reside in
  • where
A

reside in cortex

-how and where is poorly understood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

latest idea on where long term memories are stored

-example

A

memory is parceled out to anatomically separated areas that are close to the primary cortical area
memory of a flower is stored as separate entities of smell, color, feel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

there are _____ and _____ areas that are connected to each of the modality-specific association areas

  • function
  • there areas are critical in…
  • this access takes place through…
A

cortical and thalamic areas
seem to function in laying down the entire memory
critical in retrieval of memories, needing only a part of the entire memory to access the entire memory
access takes place through multimodal areas of the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

as we mature, one hemisphere…

A

takes responsibility for language comprehension and speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

hand dominance is correlated with _____, but…

A

dominant hemisphere, but this is now how hemisphere dominance is determined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

most people are _____ hemisphere dominant

A

left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

non-dominant hemisphere appears to specialize in…

A

nonverbal, non-mathematical domains or functions such as

  • music appreciation
  • artistic activity
  • appreciation for the significance of sensory stimuli (ignore or pay attention to stimuli)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

dominant hemisphere is defined by presence of…

A

language

-both speech component and comprehensive component

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what areas are involved in the motor planning part of speech production
-this is called…

A

parts of the inferior frontal gyrus that lie anterior the the face region of precentral gyrus
Broca’s Area (BA 44, 45)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what areas are involved in the comprehension of language

-this is called…

A

parts of the parietal lobe and superior temporal gyrus that are located at the caudal tip of the lateral fissure
Wernicke’s area (BA 22, 39)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

the non-dominant hemisphere has similar cytoarchitectural areas to the dominant hemisphere, but they are involved in…
-referred to as…

A

production and/or comprehension of inflection, emotion, or color components of language
referred to as prosody

30
Q

define prosody

A

left or dominant hemisphere is responsible for the production and understanding of language, which the right or non-dominant hemisphere is responsible for putting the emotional context to the mechanics of the words and understanding the emotion of the words

31
Q

what other parts seems to play a role in language

-experimental stimulation of this area results in…

A

supplementary motor cortex

experimental stimulation results in vocalization of sustained vowel sounds

32
Q

what is located in BA 6

A

premotor and supplementary motor cortical regions

33
Q

premotor cortex

  • located on what side of BA 6
  • receives…
A

lateral surface
receives a majority of the thalamocortical projections from the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus (VL; cerebellar connections)

34
Q

supplementary motor cortex

-receives…

A

majority of thalamocortical projections from both the ventrolateral and ventral anterior thalamic nuclei (VL/VA; basal ganglia connections)

35
Q

stimulation of the lateral premotor region results in…

A

movements of contralateral limb (mostly proximal joints)

36
Q

ablation of lateral premotor regions results in…

-this is termed…

A

loss of interjoint coordination indicating deficits in coordination of timing for each joint
termed apraxia

37
Q

stimulation of supplementary motor cortex results in…

A

multijoint movements of the extremities
may be displayed bilaterally as postural and proximal joint responses
grasping can be elicited, but not from a fine motor standpoint

38
Q

supplementary motor cortex seems to be most active when…

A

movement is internally generated rather than sensory generated

39
Q

both “premotor” (premotor and supplementary) regions send efferents to…

A

primary motor cortex

40
Q

both “premotor” regions

-do motor responses need to go through BA 4

41
Q

where else do the premotor regions contribute fibers to?

A

corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts

42
Q

a major component of the efferent pathway from supplementary motor area is to _____, as a component of _____

A

brainstem reticular motor areas, as a component of the corticoreticulospinal pathway

43
Q

frontla lobe motor areas

A 
primary motor cortex
supplementary motor area
lateral premotor area
frontal eye fields
motor writing center of Exner
Broca's Area
44
Q

primary motor cortex

  • location
  • area
A

precentral gyrus

area 4

45
Q

supplementary motor area

  • location
  • area
A

midline area 6 rostral to paracentral lobule

46
Q

lateral premotor area

-area

47
Q

Frontal Eye Fields

  • area
  • contains
A 
area 8
contains
-lateral gaze center
-vertical gaze center
-vergence gaze center
48
Q

Motor Writing Center of Exner

-area

49
Q

Broca’s Area

-areas

50
Q

areas of the frontal lobe that are located rostral to the motor defined areas are referred to as…

A

Prefrontal Cortex

51
Q

non-motor cortical regions of the frontal lobe are divided into…
-includes

A

lateral prefrontal region
orbitofrontal region
includes midline cortical areas located rostral and inferior to the corpus callosum

52
Q

lateral prefrontal cortex

-function

A

functions in self-awareness and executive function or goal-oriented behavior

53
Q

executive function or goal-oriented behavior (lateral prefrontal cortex) can be parceled out as…

A

deciding on a goal
planning how to accomplish the goal
executing the plan
monitoring the execution of the plan

54
Q

orbitofrontal cortex

  • function…
  • this area also associated with…
A

functions in attaching or interpreting emotion within the context of the situation
also associated with limbic system function
-specifically the amygdala

55
Q

orbitofrontal cortex specific functions

A 
regulating mood (subjective feelings)
affect (observable demeanor)
processing of some type of memory (emotionally charged, fear)
56
Q

prefrontal cortex relation to RF

-what is its function within this relationship

A

functions as part of the system that is activated by the RF
purpose is to
-direct attention (awareness, cognition) to the ongoing environment (consciousness)
-choose the best response

57
Q

what are the neurotransmitters (pathways) of the RF that have been associated with specific cortical functions

A

serotonin
norepinephrine
Ach
dopamine

58
Q

serotonin

  • associated with what structure
  • function
A

raphe nuclei

generalized arousal level

59
Q

norepinephrine

  • associated with what structure
  • function
A

locus ceruleus

direction of consciousness

60
Q

Ach

  • associated with what structures
  • function
A

pedunculopontine nucleus
-selection of object of attention, ased upon goals
Basal forebrain

61
Q

basal forebrain

  • function
  • loss of cholinergic neurons in this area are implicated in…
A

general arousal of cortex

implicated in Alzheimer’s disease

62
Q

dopamine

  • associated with what structure
  • function
A

ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra

motivation, motor activity, cognition, pleasure

63
Q

parietal lobe

-how do the lateralized differences affect how the sides function

A

different functions with respect to spatial awareness

64
Q

parietal lobe

-which side is more dominant

A

right hemisphere (not same as hemisphere dominance)

65
Q

parietal lobe: R (dominant hemisphere)

-what is it dominant in?

A

in terms of understanding the “entire” spatial map as it is interpreted by both the proprioceptive and visual systems

66
Q

effect of damage to the R parietal lobe

A

profound consequences in attending to the left side of the body and to left visual space

67
Q

effect of damage to the L parietal lobe

A

only minimal and non-lasting effect on attending to the R side of the body and visual space

68
Q

parietal lobe: neglect (hemineglect)

  • when is it seen
  • what happens?
A

phenomenon that is seen following damage to the R parietal lobe
following damage, patients tend to “ignore” the left side of visual, auditory and body space

69
Q

parietal lobe: extinction

  • what is it
  • attention may be directed to…
A

form of inattention that manifests when stimuli are presented in multiple attentional areas
attention may be directed to a stimulus presented contra to the parietal lobe lesion (contralesional)

70
Q

parietal lobe: extinction

-if a stimulus is presented on both side simultaneously…

A

it is attended to only on the intact side and “ignored” on the involved side

71
Q

parietal lobe: extinction

-can be evoked with…

A

visual, tactile or auditory stimuli, or combinations of different stimulus modalities

72
Q

for the extinction test to be accurate, it requires…

-this is a subtle variation of…

A

requires that the damage has not involved the primary sensory area
-this is a subtle variation of neglect

S2 Neuroscience (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions