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S2 Neuroscience > Diencephalon > Flashcards

Diencephalon Flashcards

1
Q

diencephalon

-one division of the _____

A

developmental vesicle, the prosencephalon

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2
Q

what is the other part of the prosencephalon

A

telencephalon, or the cerebral hemisphere

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3
Q

diencephalon divisions

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
subthalamus

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4
Q

metathalamus

-what does this refer to?

A

refers specifically to the medial and lateral geniculate nuclei that are relaying auditory and visual signals to the respective cortical regions

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5
Q

what is the largest portion of the diencephalon

A

thalamus

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6
Q

thalamus

-describe

A

complex group of nuclei interposed between the cortex and lower centers of the brain stem

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7
Q

thalamus

-function in regard to sensory information

A

receives ascending sensory information from sensory pathways, processes that information, and relays it to the cortex

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8
Q

thalamus

-relation to motor systems

A

intimately associated with the motor systems - in particular with the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and motor cortex

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9
Q

other functions of the thalamus (outside of ascending sensory and motor information)

A

some nuclei receive and return cortical information

nuclei specific to the reticular activating system

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10
Q

function of cortical information going through the thalamus

A

very integrative information, rather than specific sensory or motor information

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11
Q

function of reticular activating system

A

helps regulate our attention and awareness to specific experiences, while reducing other things that could interfere with our attention

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12
Q

how many thalami does the brain have?

A

2

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13
Q

thalamus

  • shape
  • location
  • function with respect to…
A

egg-shaped nuclear masses
one on each side of the third ventricle
function with respect to reciprocal connections with the ipsilateral cortex

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14
Q

how can the thalamus be divided?

A

fibers layers

nuclear subdivisions

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15
Q

fiber layer subdivisions of the thalamus

A

internal medullary lamina

external medullary lamina

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16
Q

nuclear subdivisions of the thalamus

A 
anterior group
medial group
lateral group
metathalamic group
intralaminar group
reticular coat
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17
Q

thalamus: anterior group

- related to…

A

related to limbic system

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18
Q

thalamus: medial group

- related to…

A

a number of systems, but the primary access to prefrontal cortex

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19
Q

thalamus: lateral group
- function
- divided into…

A

relay nuclei for somatoselsory and motor cortical areas

divided into a dorsal and ventral tier

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20
Q

thalamus: metathalamic group

- which nuclei

A

lateral and medial geniculate nuclei

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21
Q

thalamus: intralaminar group

- which nuclei?

A

centromedian nucleus that is related to the RF

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22
Q

thalamus: reticular coat

- what is it?

A

outer-most shell of the thalamus (not a part of the RF)

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23
Q

how many nuclei in thalamus

A

51

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24
Q

thalamus: medial group

- what is the major nucleus

A

dorsomedial nucleus

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25
Q

thalamus: lateral group
- major areas within dorsal tier
- major areas within ventral tier
- -function of these nuclei

A 
dorsal
-pulvinar
ventral
-VPM
-VPL
-VL
-VA
-these nuclei relay sensory and motor information
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26
Q

thalamic reticular coat function

A

acts in gating efferent thalamic information

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27
Q

functions of thalamus

A

gated relay for transmission of all sensations (except olfaction) for conscious perception
chief integrating center for all sensory information
plays dominant role in maintenance and regulate of the state of consciousness, alertness and attention
integrative center for motor activity - basal ganglia and cerebellum

28
Q

describe awareness

A

area of affect - deals with emotion, pain, agreeableness

highly subjective

29
Q

functional groupings of thalamic nuclei

A

cortical relay nuclei
association nuclei
nonspecific nuclei
reticular thalamic nucleus or reticular coat

30
Q

cortical relay nuclei

-function

A

receive highly ordered sensory and motor information
relay this information in an accurate manner (maintaining topographic, tonotopic, visuotopic organization) to specific sensory motor cortices (i.e. VPM, VPL, VA, VL, LGN, MGN)

31
Q

association nuclei

  • receive little…
  • have extensive…..
  • receive…
A

little or no direct afferents from sensory/motor pathways
have extensive intrathalamic connections and receive afferents from association cortical regions (non-primary sensory or motor) and other subcortical nuclei (limbic, reticular formation)

32
Q

association nuclei

  • send projections to…
  • what do we call this?
A

send projections back to the same association cortices they have received information from (mostly frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes)
-pulvinar
-dorsomedial
-dorsal tier of the lateral group
referred to as reciprocal corticothalamic and thalamocortical connections

33
Q

nonspecific nuclei

-location

A

intralaminar nuclei which are located within the internal medullary lamina

34
Q

nonspecific nuclei

-function

A

associated with behavioral arousal and sensory/motor integration, sleep

35
Q

nonspecific nuclei: CM thalamic nucleus

  • receives
  • function
A

receives efferents from the medial division of the reticular formation via the central tegmental tract
helps direct what part of cortex needs to be more active by participating in gating of specific information to the cortical region for that particular function
-I believe he said dysfunction of this is thought to be related to disorders like ADHD

36
Q

reticular thalamic nucleus or reticular coat

  • named for…
  • function
A

named for its thin spotty look as it lies over the lateral aspect of the thalamus
functions as an inhibitory feedback regulator of thalamic neuronal activity-gating of sensory information
-[figure: model for gating mechanism; role of CM and reticular thalamic nucleus]

37
Q

thalamic pain syndrome

-origin type…

A

usually vascular in origin

38
Q

thalamic pain syndrome

-if thalamogeniculate artery is injured, how can it happen and what happens?

A

due to loss of connections at the thalamic level or cortical level
pain sensations cannot be interpreted accurately
-ability to discriminate bewteen an irritating stimulus vs. a painful one becomes blurred

39
Q

thalamic pain syndrome

-which regions are involved

A

very broad scope of regions involved in the “increased” perception of pain

40
Q

thalamic pain syndrome

-what can cause the “increased” perception of pain

A

irritative stimuli such as an intervertebral disc or radiculopathy
more centrally mediated changes to circuitry as a result of stroke, TBI, SCI

41
Q

thalamic pain syndrome

-central sensitization of pain has been shown to result in…

A

heightened cortical responses from the thalamus, in the cingulate gyrus (limbic or emotion), parietal lobe, and prefrontal cortex

42
Q

thalamic pain syndrome: heightened response

  • begins at…
  • can involve
A

begins at synapse in the dorsal horn

can involve more than just the transfer of noxious sensations to ultimately affect non-noxious stimuli such as touch

43
Q

thalamic pain syndrome: how is the heightened response seen clinically?

A

seen as hyperalgesia or allodynia

44
Q

related to pain: anterolateral system consists of ____

A

at least five different parallel pathways all carrying the sensation encoded from free nerve endings

45
Q

anterolateral system targest

A

lateral spinothalamic tract
-carries the sensation through the VPL (ventrolateral thalamic nucleus) to reach the primary somatosensory cortex
other pathways go to RF, other thalamic nuclei projecting to other cortical regions
-limbic system and prefrontal or emotional centers of the brain

46
Q

function of the differences in the targets of the anterolateral system information

A

yield both the location and quality of the pain along with an emotional construct
-this combination is what a person perceives as pain

47
Q

what is important to remember about pain?

A

perception is reality, even if you don’t think the person should be feeling any pain

48
Q

without the specifics of the stimulus being perceived within primary somatosensory cortex, the emotional brain can…

A

make the stimulus seem extremely noxious

49
Q

thalamic pain syndrome: changes in stimulus thresholds

  • elevated for…
  • lowered for…
A

elevated for tactile and position sense

lowered for nociceptive stimuli

50
Q

thalamic pain syndrome: at threshold, what happens

A

sensations are exaggerated, exceptionally unpleasant
pin prick leads to severe burning pain
music leads to unpleasant responses

51
Q

thalamic pain syndrome

-also characterized by (outside of stimulus threshold changes and sensation exaggeration)

A

spontaneous pain

emotional instability

52
Q

thalamic pain syndrome: emotional instability examples

A

inappropriate laughing or crying
altered gating of emotion to cortex
pseudobulbar affect
-stroke patients with brainstem and thalamic lesions

53
Q

hypothalamus

-function

A

responsible for homeostatic influences necessary for life

  • cardiorespiratory
  • thermoregulation
  • metabolic
  • water resorption
  • digestive activity
54
Q

we think of the hypothalamus primarily from a _____ point of view with respect to _____
-this activity is manifested by…

A

from a hormonal view with respect to growth, sexual maturity, and cycles
-now even thinking about stomach proteins affecting feeding behaviors
this activity is manifested by control or influence over the pituitary gland through hormonal feedback mechanisms

55
Q

what else influences the ANS apart from the hypothalamus

-how

A

rich nervous system connectional scheme that influences the ANS at the level of the brainstem (parasympathetic) and spinal cord (sympathetic - T1-L2; parasympathetic: S2-S4)

56
Q

hypothalamus is also influenced by…

A

higher cortical centers
-primarily limbic system and prefrontal cortex
lower centers such as RF

57
Q

limbic system effect of effect on hypothalamus

A

influences the hypo and thus the ANS effecting cardiovascular, respiratory and emotional reactions to ongoing situations
-embarrassment, fear, anxiety

58
Q

most notable effect of hypothalamic influences on behavior are noted following _____

A

TBI or even some stroke patients

59
Q

hypothalamus: with lost of connections from the emotional brain (limbic system, orbital part of prefrontal cortex), what happens?
- why?

A

normal stressors can and are responded to in an angry or aggressive manner
-these cortical areas play a large role in how we interpret stressors in our daily lives

60
Q

what is the typical output to a stressor

A

a strategy of how to adjust to the stressor

61
Q

when the connectional interface that typically responds to a stressor is disrupted, what happens?

A

the drive through the hypothalamus yields the image of rage, aggression, or defensive postures

62
Q

in animals, stimulation of the medial hypothalamus can result in…

A

rage behaviors such as growling, attacking, piloerection, dilated pupils

63
Q

autonomic control areas

  • looked at as…
  • what are their names?
A 
looked at as "UMNs" of the ANS
names
-anterior hypothalamus
-lateral hypothalamus
-ventromedial hypothalamus
64
Q

anterior hypothalamus

-related to…

A

septal region of limbic system

65
Q

medial hypothalamus

  • drives…
  • -these are responsible for…
A 
deives the specific parts of the ANS
responsible for the motor output of a majority of the motor behaviors
-piloerection
-dilated pupils
-increased salivation

S2 Neuroscience (25 decks)

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