RETENTION AND FORGETTING Flashcards
What does craik and Lockhart study?
The levels of processing
What does our strength of memory depend on?
Perceptual process like when reading a word
Explain graphemes?
Physical features of the letters
Explain phonological?
What the word sounds like
Explain semantic meaning?
Extracting the word meaning
What happens when theres a greater depth of processing?
The stronger the memory trace
Explain what craik and Lockhart did ?
- partipants presented with list of 60 words and asked different questions about these words
- like is it uppercase, does it rhyme with chair and is it an animal
What did shallow processing of information lead to?
To weak memory trace
Retention only short term and forgetting increased
Deeper levels of processing lead to a strong memory trace Retention only
Longer retention intervals forgetting decreased
What did hebb argue about?
Memories encoded in the brain as engrams
And they are means of which memories are stores as biological changes in the brain in repsonse to external stimuli
Memories explained in terms of connection between neurons
What does engram mean?
A unit of congnitive information inside the brain
Explain the experiment behind the consolidation theory?
- rats trained to press lever when a light is on the receive food
-at the start of training there’s no connection between the neurons presenting the stimuli experiment. - at onset treating the connections build
- as training increase, link becomes stronger
- with repeated experience the memory trace consolidates the memory
In summary what happens in the consolidation theory by Hebb??
- at the start theres no engram cells since theres no memory
- the connections between cells form to represent the memory
- repeated = the strength of these connections increases and becomes consolidated
What does memory storage depend on?
The formation of circuit of interconnected neurons
What needs to happen for th connections to become established
A period of consolidation following the learning episode is essential
Any interperruption of consolidation process should impart memory
What did Duncan do for the consolidation theory ?
With rats
- a tone signalled that an electric current wa about to be passed through the left floor of the conditioning chamber
- rats learned that when tone play they only have few seconds to make it to other side
Whats the formula for Duncan’s consolidation theory?
Tone - R (avoidance) - no shock
What could lead to poorer memory according to Duncan?
Disruption. Of neural function during the consolidation process
What Duncan administer?
ECS shocks to disrupt neural process following the learning episode
These shocks were given after various amounts of time after learning
Control group received no ECS treatment
Whats the formula for when an ECS shock is given?
Tone - R (avoidance) - no shock - delay- ECS
What happens to the rats after the ECS is given?
The rats are placed back in the conditioning chamber
- see if they remember not to be in the left side of the box after tone is presented
- sooner the consolidation process was interrupted the poorer memory
- consolidation of the memory seemed to take around 1 hr
Whats the decay theory?
Effect not just limited to disruption of neural functions following shocks
- learning is the gradual strengthening of links between neurons in the memory system
- over a retention intervals, the links are weaker and less accurate
What did Jenkins and dallenbach study?
Two particpants learned a list of nonsense syllables
- tested after several retention intervals spent either awake or sleeping
- with immediate recall, both participants had accurate memories
- with introductions of delay, memory performance dropped
Whats the most striking part of the data for Jenkins and dallenbach?
The difference between sleep and awake
When was better memory according to Jenkins and dallenbach?
Bette memory following sleep retention intervals suggesting that time is not the most important factor in forgetting
What happens during sleep for memory’s
Are free to be consolidated
What happens during awake for memory?
Activates in the retention intervals may have interfered its consolidation, and led to decay
Whats the three points of memory ?
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Not done yet
