LEARNING AND MEMORY Flashcards
What’s a case study for memory and learning?
Clive wearing - borin in the uk, successful paniant conductor and muscsiologists
Developed severe anemia due to an infection from virus
What is amnesia?
Loss of memory due to brain injury shock fatigue repression or illness
What does amnesia refer to
Impairment of memory specifically affecting the ability to learn and recall information
Whats the foundation of behaviour?
Every habit, skill or belief stems from past learning experiences
Whats the identity ad mental health in relevance of learning and memory?
How traumatic memories can lead to PTSD or how memory loss in disorders like
Alzheimer’s affects identity
The real world application for the relevance of learning and memory?
Therapy: Breaking unhelpful habits (e.g., addiction) or re-learning
adaptive behaviours
Whats declarative memory?
Medial temporal lobe structures (mostly explicit)
Whats non-declarative memory?
Cerebellum, striatum, neocortex, limbic system
Whats semantic memory?
- learned
- general facts and meanings
- general world ko
- indepdent of context and personal relevance
Eg - Dakar is the capital of Senegal
What’s episodic memory?
- experienced
- episodes of personal life
- autobiographical events
- contextual, time-locked ko
Eg remembering a holiday experience
Whats procedural memory?
Skills, and habits, how to do things
Riding a bike
Whats procedural memory linked to?
Associative learning
Non-associative learning
Whats associative learning?
Classical and operant conditioning
Emotional and skeletal responses
Whats non-associative learning ?
Reflexes, priming habituation perceptual and cognitive routines
Whats under non declarative memory?
Procedural memory
Whats under declarative memory?
Semantic and episodic memory
For a memory to be retrieves is must have been previously?
Stored
For a memory to be stored it must have been previously been?
Encoded
For a memory to be encoded something must have previously been?
Learned
What are examples of reflex behaviours?
Grasp
Walking
Moro reflex
Babinski reflex
Explain about adaptive responses?
Organisms have a series of fixed patterns (reflexes) of behaviour that guarantee
adaptive responses to particular stimul
Example of adaptive responses?
Holding when in the air
Walking whe supported on legs
Reaching out when feel like fall
Responses to being tickled
Who proposed the concept of reflex?
Descartes
What did Descartes state about reflex?
A system that involves a receptor activating a
muscle through a direct connection.
• Whenever a child approaches a hand to a source of
heat they will automatically withdraw it to avoid
damage
• Reflexes account for complex movements of the
body according to a simple mechanism
Explain the reflex arc-sensory neurons connect to motor in the spinal cord?
Stimulus - receptor - sensory neurons - integration center - association neuron in spinal cord- motor neuron - effector - responses
Whats the rat and case of reflex’s?
- play novel sound and rats are startles that’s reflex behaviour
- If reflexes are not modifiable, the rat’s
response should stay the same with
repeated exposure
What happend to the rats in the case of reflexes?
The rats reflex (innate) behaviour decreases after
repeated exposure of the stimulus.
• This phenomena is known as habituation
• Unclear from this data what the mechanism behind
habituation is
What’s habituation?
The rats reflex (innate) behaviour decreases after
repeated exposure of the stimulus.
Whats evidence against the faitgue of the rats and reflex’s?
Evidence against the fatigue
explanation of behaviour comes from
introducing a new stimulus.
• Restores the reflexive response to the
original stimulus
• Should not be the case if the animal is
too tired to respond
Whats an unexpected stimulus that restores the original reflex responses called?
Dishabituation
Whats habituation in therapy?
Exposure therapies ‘force’ patients to confront
their fears (e.g. spiders, public speaking).
• With repeated exposure, the anxiety response
should decrease (habituation)
• Habituation is a psychological mechanism
through which exposure therapies work.
• Repeat exposure to the anxiety-causing stimulus
should cause the anxiety response to decrease
Who did the within. Subject experiment on the rats?
Leaton with three phases
What were the implications for therapy?
Within a session of exposure therapy,
you’re likely to see a big reduction in the
anxiety response in the client.
- short term effect, needs to be a long term habituation for extended periods of time
Habituation and obesity?
Rising steadily
- doesn’t explain why increases availability of food makes people eat so much
-
Who did a study on habituation and obesity?
Temple et al with children aged 9-12 given their fav fast food
What did temple et al find out about the obesity and habituation?
Regardless of whether you measure
grams or calories consumed, the variety
group eats more than the same group
• Children in the same group habituate to
the food, and eat less of it
• Children in the variety group don’t get the
chance to habituate to one food, and so
we see more eating
Whats the self-fulfilling effect in habituation and obesity?
We may habituate to Pizza, so choose to eat a Burger instead
• Like Rats in Leaton’s study, the introduction of a new Burger stimulus will
lead to dishabituation to pizza
• There will be a spontaneous recovery in the consumption of Pizza, which
will at the same time lead to dishabituation to Burgers.
• There will then be a spontaneous recovery in the consumption of Burgers.
What system is learning and memory part of?
Intergrated - which evolved to
acquire (encode) and retain (store) information that will be useful later (retrieval
What does reflexive behaviour control?
Parts of our behaviour but these behaviours are not fixed
Whats does temporal course of habituation suggest?
Massed exposure (lots of trials over a short period) will lead to full
habituation, but this is a short term effect (spontaneous recovery).
• Spaced exposure to a stimulus over many days lead to less habituation, but
the effect is longer term
