MEMORY DISORDER II Flashcards
What causes a traumatic brain injury?
Happens when a sudden, external psychical assault damages the brain
What is TBI a major cause of?
Cause of disability and death worldwide
Whats it clinically divided by?
Mild
Moderate
Severe
Whats the amount fo cases that account from mild TBI to a concussion?
80%-90%
How many TBI’s happen worldwide each year?
10 million
What does neuronal damage from traumatic brain injury induce?
Pathophysiolocial as well as anatomical changes which lead to dementia
Whats a major neurocognitive disorder due to TBI?
DSM-5
Which case is widely regarded as one of the most influential cases in neuroscience history?
Phineas p.gage
What does VBR stand for?
Ventricle to brain ratio
Whats the normal valves?
1.5 with 0.5 SD
What happens post injury to the brain?
Brain swelling - ventricles compression
What is it called when u have memory loss following TBI?
Post - traumatic amnesia
Which can last from few mins to several weeks or months deadening on the severity of
Explain what post-traumatic amnesia is PTA?
Anterograde memory affected
- most patients suffer from a extensive cognitive deficit which includes a confusional state
- behavioural disturbance characterised by acute agitation
Whats post traumatic amnesia used to determine?
- Decision making
- The degree of patient supervision necessary
- Referral for rehabilitation
What happens during the duration of PTA?
Cognitive abilities following TBI
Risk of early or late epilepsy
Whats chronic traumatic encephalopathy?
- a brain disorder likely caused by repeated head injuries TBI
- slowly progressive neurodegenerative disease with pathological tau accumulation at the depths of the sulci in superficial layers of the cortex
Whats the symptoms of Chronic traumatic brain injury?
- memory and thinking problem
- confusion
- personality change
- erratic behaviour including aggression, depression and even sucidical thinking
Whats CTI caused by?
Hyperphosphorylated tau
Whats tau?
Microtubule associated with proteins found in axons
Starts in locus coeruleus and neocortex
What happens for neurodegeneration to happen in cti?
Tau is hyperphosphylated
Dissociates from the microtubeles
Accumulates in neurofibriallry tangles NFT
= neurodegeneration
What’s the different types of dementia impairment?
- progressive
- non-progressive
- reversible
Examples of progressive dementia?
Alzheimer’s disease
Dementia with Lewy bodies
Fronto - temporal dementia
Parkinson’s disease
Examples of non-progressive dementia?
Traumatic brain injury
- anoxia = sleep apnea
- vascular = single stroke
Examples of reversible dementia?
Depression and anxiety
Multiple medial conditions
Metabolic problems
Medications side effects
Infections
Normal pressure
Explain amnestic MCI? (Mild cognitive impairment)
MCI that primary affects memory
- person may forge important information they could easily recall before - appointment s
Explain noamnestic MCI?
Affects thinking skills other than memory
Including the ability to make sound descions
Judge time or sequence of steps needed to complete a task
Whats the cause behind the brain being smaller and more grainier then a healthy brain/
Amyloid - b plaques = outside of the neurons
Tau tangles - inside of the neurons
What accumulates first before symptoms start to appear?
Amyloid b and doesn’t cause clinical symptoms
What does tau pathology coincide with?
The apparition of the clinical symptoms
What’s the stages to tau tangles?
Stages I/II - entorhinal cortex and locus coeruleus
Stages III/IV - hippocampus and parts of the neocortex
Stages V/VI - takes over the neocortex
Whats the second most common neurodegenerative disorder?
Parkinson’s disease - affecting more then 1% of the population aged 65 and older
Whats the neuropathalogical hallmark of PD?
Dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantial nigra
What does substantia nigra degeneration cause?
Dopamine deficiency in striatum - motor system and dopaminergic therapy relives motor symptoms
What does it state about the cerebellum on Parkinson’s disease?
Increasing ko that it has a key role in the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease
What can Parkinson’s disease patients experience?
Deficits in procedural memory
Whats procedural memory?
Responsible for the the automatic, implicit stored procedures that have been acquired in earlier life stages
What’s anterograde procedural memory?
Involves the loss acquisition of new skills
Explain retrograde procedural memory?
Loss of the ability to execute skills acquired in earlier life stages
What’s Parkinson’s associated with?
Degeneration of the basal ganglia which deficits in procedural memory
