Leture 2 - The CNS Flashcards
What does the CNS contain?
Brain
Spinal cord
Whats the afferent?
Sensory division
Whats the efferent?
Motor division
Whats the 2 type of autonomic motor system?
Sympathetic -increases function of flight or fight
Parasympathetic - decreases function energy conservation
what does the motor division contain?
Voluntary motor system
Autonomic motor system
what does the sensory division contain?
Autonomic motor system
Explain the stages of the embryonic development of the brain?
Neural tube 1-2 weeks
Primary brain 3-4 weeks
Secondary brain vesicles 6-8 weeks
What does the forebrain contain?
Cerebral cortex
Basal forebrain
List the key parts of the human brain
Forebrain
Midbrain
Pons
Cerebellum
Medulla
Spinal cord
What is the cranial nerve?
Nerves that pass through the holes in the brain
How many pairs of nerves are there on the base of the brain?
12
What does the four interconnected chambers in the brain contain?
Cfs - cerebrospinal fluid
What does th spinal cord consist of?
Nerves going to and from the rest of the body
What does the brainstem control?
Autonomic function
What is the cerebellum important for?
Movement, balance, posture
What’s the hippocampus important for?
Learning and memory
What does the thalamus interface between?
Interface between cortex and rest of cns
What does the hypothalamus do?
Heomeostasis, emotion control of endocrine system
What does basal ganglia control?
Control of behavioural patterns
What does the corpus callosum connect?
Connection the two cortical hemispheres
Brain weight of humans and cortex % of brain, sa
1,400
80%
Sa of 2,500
What’s the sulci
Infoldimgs of the surface
What’s the gyri
The bumps on the cortical surface
What does the nervous sytem consist of?
- cns
- Brain and spinal cord
-pns - voluntary and autonomic c nervous system
What are the 4 lobes of the brain called.
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
How are the lobes separated.
Deep infoldings called sulci or fissures
Describe the motor cortex?
• A band of tissue running along the posterior face of the frontal lobe
• Called the precentral gyrus (i.e. the gyrus in front of the central sulcus
Describe the sensory cortex?
• Specific critical areas specialised for processing each sensory modality
• Each area has a primary region, where the input neurones arrive and a secondary
area where information from that sensory modality only is processed
• Multimodal sensory areas integrate sensory information from different sensory
modalities
What does the brain do?
Thinking
Talking
Sensing
Moving
Remembering
Whats the brodmann areas?
Named after German neruologists - brodmann
- based on cytoarchitercture
Structure not function
What was the case of Louis leborgne?
Uzbek to speak more than a very few meaningless syllables for 21 years
But intelligent and capable for comprehending spoken and written language.
What did the post-mortem study of leborgnes brain show?
• single lesion towards back of left frontal lobe
• first evidence for highly localised control of function in the cortex
Where is the frontal lobe found?
At the front of the brain
Where is the parietal lobe found?
Over the top of the brain
Where is the occipital lobe found?
At the back of the brain
Where is the temporal lobe found?
Around the sides of the brain
Explain the phineas gage case?
Steel rod entered throuhg his left cheek into his head and made a hole in his head and check but survived it foe 13 years. There was behaviour changes in a negative way.
Whats the frontal cortex useful for?
Calculations, reasoning, inference, rule learning
Whats the prefrontal cortex useful for ?
Personality and emotion
What’s the Wisconsin card sort test?
Matching the cards to the category by colour, number or shape
Measures the response accurency, time to learn and perseveration on rule change
Requires: strategic planning, using feedback to change rules
What happens with people that have damage to frontal lobe when they do the Wisconsin card sort test?
Perform poorly
Whats the temporal cortex useful for?
- learning
- memory
- spatial recognition
Whats the case of patient HM
Suffered severe epilepsy and failed to respond to standard treatments
Underwent surgery to remove the epileptic focus
Large areas of hippocampus, amygdala and surrounding tissue all removed
- lived for 55 years after his surgery
- unable to learn new info or remember anything after the time of the surgery =
What does the case of HM imply?
A role for the hippocampus in memory storage
