Restricted diets and Nutritional Deficiencies Flashcards
What micronutrient deficiencies can be found in an obese patient?
- low levels of ferritin
- low haemoglobin
- low vit B12/vit D/phosphate/Mg/Zn
In using low-calorie diets, what should be ensured?
- diet is nutritionally complete
- followed for a maximum of 12 weeks
- ongoing clinical support
In the ketogenic diet, what percentage of calories from protein and fat?
35% and 38% of the calories coming from protein and fat, respectively
Why are VLEDs designed to induced?
ketosis, controlled fasting and restriction of dietary carbohydrates
- fatty acid in liver forms energy
- mediating suppression of ghrelin
What is the fluid intake during energy restriction for men and women?
men = 2.5L/day women = 2.0L/day
What have studies shown about short-term VLEDs and LEDs?
effective at promoting significant weight loss (24 weeks)
- not much difference between these two though
Which one, long-term or short-term weight loss of VLED/LED seem to have weight regain?
long-term
What would any program with rapid weight loss cause?
gallstones (side effects)
Explain the phases of IWCP at UCLH:
- Phase 1: initial rapid weight loss
- 9 weeks of milk-based diet with vitamins/mineral/fibre supplements - Phase 2: Dietary transition
- milk prescription halved, solid food re-introduced
- anti-obesity medication - Phase 3: Long-term plan
- return to solid food entirely
What % of the UK population is vegetarian.. and vegan?
vegetarian = 3-7% vegan = 1%
Define veganism:
- seeks to exclude, all forms of exploitation of/cruelty to, animals for food, clothing or other purposes
- plant-based diet avoiding all animal foods such as meat , dairy, eggs and honey
What does the vegan plate consist of?
- fruits
- vegetables
- legumes
- nuts and seeds
- grains
- others (omega 3, Vit. B12, Vit. D, iodine)
What is the daily protein intake?
0.75g
how much protein should vegetarians take?
1g per kg body weight
Name the essential amino acids:
- histidine
- isoleucine
- leucine
- lysine
- methionine
- phenylalanine
- tryptophan
- threonine
- valine
What plant foods contain essential amino acids?
soya, quinoa, hemp
What is omega 3?
- alpha-linoleic acid (ALA), in vegetable oils, EPA or DHA (in oily fish)
- sources: chia seeds, ground linseed, hemp seeds, walnuts
What is omega 6?
- linoleic acid
- for immune system, brain, nerves, eyes
- sources: hemp seeds, pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds, walnuts, soya spread
What do vegans crucial lack since they almost never consume these?
no EPA or DHA from natural sources
What can our body do in conversion to get EPA/DHA?
convert ALA to EPA and DHA
How can vegans maximise the conversion of ALA to EPA/DHA?
- Avoid foods high in saturated fat
- Limit vegetable oils high in LA (sunflower, corn or sesame oils)
- Take care with serving sizes of sunflower and pumpkin seeds
- Consider a supplement made from algae derived DHA
why is calcium needed in our body?
- keeps bones/teeth strong
- involved in nervous system
- blood clotting
- controlling muscles
What is the RDA for calcium?
700mg
What is the RDA of iron in men and women?
Men = 8.7mg Women = 14.8mg
What source should we include to help body absorb more iron?
vitamin C
What is the RDA for iodine?
140mg
Where do most iodine sources come from?
fish and milk products
What is the RDA for zinc?
7-9.5mg/d
Where do most zinc sources come from?
- fermented soya (tempeh, miso)
- wholegrains
- beans
- nuts, seeds
- fortified breakfast cereals
How does selenium help the body?
- immune system works properly
- prevent damage to cells and tissues
What is the RDA for selenium?
0.06-0.075mg/d
What are the sources of selenium?
nuts, brazil nuts
