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Malnourishment and Obesity > Restricted diets and Nutritional Deficiencies > Flashcards

Restricted diets and Nutritional Deficiencies Flashcards

1
Q

What micronutrient deficiencies can be found in an obese patient?

A
  • low levels of ferritin
  • low haemoglobin
  • low vit B12/vit D/phosphate/Mg/Zn
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2
Q

In using low-calorie diets, what should be ensured?

A
  • diet is nutritionally complete
  • followed for a maximum of 12 weeks
  • ongoing clinical support
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3
Q

In the ketogenic diet, what percentage of calories from protein and fat?

A

35% and 38% of the calories coming from protein and fat, respectively

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4
Q

Why are VLEDs designed to induced?

A

ketosis, controlled fasting and restriction of dietary carbohydrates

  • fatty acid in liver forms energy
  • mediating suppression of ghrelin
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5
Q

What is the fluid intake during energy restriction for men and women?

A 
men = 2.5L/day
women = 2.0L/day
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6
Q

What have studies shown about short-term VLEDs and LEDs?

A

effective at promoting significant weight loss (24 weeks)

- not much difference between these two though

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7
Q

Which one, long-term or short-term weight loss of VLED/LED seem to have weight regain?

A

long-term

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8
Q

What would any program with rapid weight loss cause?

A

gallstones (side effects)

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9
Q

Explain the phases of IWCP at UCLH:

A
  1. Phase 1: initial rapid weight loss
    - 9 weeks of milk-based diet with vitamins/mineral/fibre supplements
  2. Phase 2: Dietary transition
    - milk prescription halved, solid food re-introduced
    - anti-obesity medication
  3. Phase 3: Long-term plan
    - return to solid food entirely
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10
Q

What % of the UK population is vegetarian.. and vegan?

A 
vegetarian = 3-7%
vegan = 1%
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11
Q

Define veganism:

A
  • seeks to exclude, all forms of exploitation of/cruelty to, animals for food, clothing or other purposes
  • plant-based diet avoiding all animal foods such as meat , dairy, eggs and honey
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12
Q

What does the vegan plate consist of?

A
  • fruits
  • vegetables
  • legumes
  • nuts and seeds
  • grains
  • others (omega 3, Vit. B12, Vit. D, iodine)
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13
Q

What is the daily protein intake?

A

0.75g

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14
Q

how much protein should vegetarians take?

A

1g per kg body weight

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15
Q

Name the essential amino acids:

A
  • histidine
  • isoleucine
  • leucine
  • lysine
  • methionine
  • phenylalanine
  • tryptophan
  • threonine
  • valine
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16
Q

What plant foods contain essential amino acids?

A

soya, quinoa, hemp

17
Q

What is omega 3?

A
  • alpha-linoleic acid (ALA), in vegetable oils, EPA or DHA (in oily fish)
  • sources: chia seeds, ground linseed, hemp seeds, walnuts
18
Q

What is omega 6?

A
  • linoleic acid
  • for immune system, brain, nerves, eyes
  • sources: hemp seeds, pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds, walnuts, soya spread
19
Q

What do vegans crucial lack since they almost never consume these?

A

no EPA or DHA from natural sources

20
Q

What can our body do in conversion to get EPA/DHA?

A

convert ALA to EPA and DHA

21
Q

How can vegans maximise the conversion of ALA to EPA/DHA?

A
  • Avoid foods high in saturated fat
  • Limit vegetable oils high in LA (sunflower, corn or sesame oils)
  • Take care with serving sizes of sunflower and pumpkin seeds
  • Consider a supplement made from algae derived DHA
22
Q

why is calcium needed in our body?

A
  • keeps bones/teeth strong
  • involved in nervous system
  • blood clotting
  • controlling muscles
23
Q

What is the RDA for calcium?

A

700mg

24
Q

What is the RDA of iron in men and women?

A 
Men = 8.7mg
Women = 14.8mg
25
Q

What source should we include to help body absorb more iron?

A

vitamin C

26
Q

What is the RDA for iodine?

A

140mg

27
Q

Where do most iodine sources come from?

A

fish and milk products

28
Q

What is the RDA for zinc?

A

7-9.5mg/d

29
Q

Where do most zinc sources come from?

A
  • fermented soya (tempeh, miso)
  • wholegrains
  • beans
  • nuts, seeds
  • fortified breakfast cereals
30
Q

How does selenium help the body?

A
  • immune system works properly

- prevent damage to cells and tissues

31
Q

What is the RDA for selenium?

A

0.06-0.075mg/d

32
Q

What are the sources of selenium?

A

nuts, brazil nuts

Malnourishment and Obesity (21 decks)

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