Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Malnourishment and Obesity > Fluid and Electrolyte Requirements in Disease > Flashcards

Fluid and Electrolyte Requirements in Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal pH range of arterial blood?

A

7.35-7.45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the pH of extracellular fluid?

A

7.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

At what pH levels would death occur?

A

less than 6.8

more than 8.0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What pH level classifies as acidosis (acidemia)?

A

below 7.35

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What pH level classifies as alkalosis (alkalemia)?

A

above 7.45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What would small changes in pH cause major disturbances to?

A
  • enzyme functions (only function at narrow pH ranges)
  • affect electrolytes (Na+, K+, CL-)
  • affect hormones
  • affect bone synthesis, re-absorption
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which organs help regulate pH and how?

A
  1. Lungs - through carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
    - changing respiratory rates changes PCO2
  2. Kidneys - through renal compensation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Does the body produce more acid or more bases?

A

more acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why does the body produce more acid?

A
  • acid taken with food
  • acids produced by metabolism of lipids/proteins
  • cellular metabolism produces CO2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How to calculate pH?

A

pH = - log [H+]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is buffering?

A

buffer system consist of weak acid and anion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 3 buffering systems?

A
  1. Protein buffer system - amino acids, H+
  2. Carbonic acid-bicarbonate
    - buffer changes caused by organic and fixed acids
  3. Phosphate
    - buffer pH in the ICF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the common acids?

A
  • carbonic acid
  • sulfuric/phosphoric acid
  • organic acids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens when carbonic acid affects of ECF?

A
  • CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid

- inverse relationship between pH and conc of CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When is sulfuric/phosphoric acid generated?

A
  • during catabolism of amino acids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are some organic acids?

A
  • lactic acid

- ketone bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Explain protein buffering in terms of pH increasing and decreasing:

A

pH climbs = carboxyl group of amino acid acts as weak base

pH drops = amino group acts as weak base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the haemoglobin buffer system do?

A

prevents pH changes when PCO2 is rising or falling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Explain what happens in the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system:

A
  • classic chemical buffer
  • body eliminates chemicals from either end of chemical reaction to maintain pH
  • effective in converting carbonic acid to CO2 through carbonic anhydrase
  • then removes CO2 through respiration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the chemical reaction of carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer system

A

H+ + HCO3- H2CO3 H2O + CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is the alkali removed when in access?

A

through kidneys

22
Q

How fast does the buffer function work?

A

almost instantaneously

23
Q

How fast does respiratory mechanism take to do corrections?

A

several minutes to hours

24
Q

How fast does renal mechanism take to do corrections?

A

several hours to days

25
Q

What is the principle effect of acidosis?

A

depression of CNS through decrease in synaptic transmission

26
Q

What generally happens in acidosis?

A
  • weakness
  • deranged CNS function = greatest threat
  • severe state causes: disorientation, coma, death
27
Q

What are the responses to acidosis? (alkalosis is opposite)

A
  • increase respiratory rate to lower CO2
  • other buffer systems absorb H+
  • secrete H+ in kidneys
28
Q

What does alkalosis cause?

A
  • over excitability of central/peripheral nervous systems
  • numbness
  • lightheadedness
  • can cause: nervousness, muscle spasm, tetany, convulsions, loss consciousness, death
29
Q

What does the Bohr effect observe?

A

the relationship of Oxyhaemoglobin and pO2

30
Q

When do respiratory acid-base disorders occur?

A

when abnormal respiratory function cause rise/fall in CO2 in ECF

31
Q

When do metabolic acid-base disorders occur?

A
  • generation of organic or fixed acids
  • anything affecting concentration of bicarbonate ions in ECF
  • bicarbonate loss during chronic diarrhea
32
Q

When does respiratory acidosis occur?

A

from excessive levels of CO2 in body fluids

33
Q

When does respiratory alkalosis occur?

A
  • relative rare condition

- associated with hyperventilation

34
Q

what is hypercapnia?

A

high levels of CO2 in blood

35
Q

What are chronic conditions of respiratory acidosis?

A
  • depression of respiratory center in brain that controls breathing rate - drugs/head trauma
  • paralysis of respiratory/chest muscles
  • emphysema
36
Q

what are the acute conditions of respiratory acidosis?

A
  • adult respiratory distress syndrome
  • pulmonary edema
  • pneumothorax
37
Q

What do the kidneys specifically elimate and retain to compensate respiratory acidosis?

A

eliminate H+, retain bicarbonate ion

38
Q

Respiratory acidosis signs/symptoms:

A
  • breathlessness
  • restlessness
  • lethargy, disorientation
  • tremors, convulsions, coma
  • respiratory rate rapid then gradually depressed
  • skin warm, flushed, due to vasodilation from excess CO2
39
Q

Respiratory acidosis treatment?

A
  • restore ventilation
  • IV lactate solution
  • treat underlying dysfunction/disease
40
Q

What is hypocapnea?

A

when pCO2 is less than 35mmHg

41
Q

What is the primary cause of respiratory alkalosis?

A

hyperventilation

42
Q

What conditions stimulate respiratory centre in regards to respiratory alkalosis?

A
  • oxygen deficiency at high altitudes
  • pulmonary disease + congestive heart failure by hypoxia
  • acute anxiety
  • fever, anaemia
  • early salicylate intoxication
  • cirrhosis
  • gram-negative sepsis
43
Q

Respiratory alkalosis treatment?

A
  • treat underlying cause
  • breath into paper bag
  • IV chloride containing solution (Cl- ions replace lost bicarbonate ions)
44
Q

When does metabolic alkalosis occur?

A
  • when HCO3- concentrations become elevated (by repeated vomiting)
45
Q

What are the symptoms of metabolic acidosis?

A
  • headache
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • coma, death
46
Q

What can be done to compensate metabolic acidosis?

A
  • increase ventilation
  • renal excretion of H+
  • K+ exchange with H+ in ECF
  • H+ into cells, K+ out of cells
47
Q

Metabolic acidosis treatment?

A

IV lactate solution

48
Q

What can cause metabolic alkalosis?

A
  • excessive vomiting (lose stomach acid)
  • excessive use of alkaline drugs
  • certain diuretics
  • endocrine disorders
  • heavy ingestion of antacids
  • severe dehydration
49
Q

What can be done to compensate metabolic alkalosis?

A
  • can’t count on kidneys since it usually occurs with renal dysfunction
  • hypoventilation limited by hypoxia
    BASICALLY, NOT MUCH CAN BE DONE???
50
Q

What are the symptoms of metabolic alkalosis?

A
  • respiration = slow/shallow
  • hyperactive reflexes, tetany
  • often related to depletion of electrolytes
  • atrial tachycardia
  • dysrhythmias
51
Q

Metabolic alkalosis treatment?

A
  • Electrolytes to replace lost ones
  • IV chloride containing solution
  • Treat underlying disorder
52
Q

How to diagnose acid-base imbalances?

A
  1. Note pH low or high
  2. Decide which values (pCO2 or HCO3-) is outside normal ranges and is the cause of the problem
  3. if its change in pCO2 = respiratory problem
  4. If change in HCO3- = metabolic problem

Malnourishment and Obesity (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions