Alcohol and Nutrition Flashcards
Calories (kcal) in the following alcohol:
- White wine (11%)
- Red wine (11%)
- Pint of cider (5%)
- Pint of lager (4%)
- 25ml Spirits (37.5)
- 330ml Alcopop (5%)
- 130 (chips)
- 120 (sponge cake)
- 200 (baked beans)
- 170 (sausage roll)
- 50 (cream)
- 200 (medium cheddar)
How many units do you think a large glass of wine is (250ml)?
3.2 units
How many units do you think a bottle of Alcopop is (275ml)?
1.1 units
How many units do you think 2 rum and cokes are (50ml total)?
2 units
How many units do you think 2 bottles of beer are (660ml total)?
3.4 units
How many units do you think a glass of champagne is (125ml)?
1 unit
How many units do you think a pint of cider is?
2.5 units
How many calories are there in 1g of carbs/protein/fat/alcohol?
Carbs = 4 Protein = 4 Fat = 9 Alcohol = 7
What are the definitions of safe alcohol intakes in:
UK
8g
What are the definitions of safe alcohol intakes in: Austria, France, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Spain
10g
What are the definitions of safe alcohol intakes in: Denmark and Italy
12g
What are the definitions of safe alcohol intakes in: Portugal
14g
Which country has the highest drinking prevalence rate?
Belgium
The liver has 2 blood supplies, state them:
- heart, brings oxygenated blod
- gut, carries absorbed foot and nutrients
What is the function of the liver in layman terms?
cleans and nourishes the blood, returns it it full of vitamins and proteins through the venous system to the heart, to send to the rest of the body
Liver specific symptoms and sign are apparent at late stages. What are some non-specific liver disease symptoms?
- tiredness
- repeated infections
- irritability
- lack of concentration
- impotence, menstrual disturbance
What are the risk factors of liver disease?
- excessive alcohol consumption
- viral hepatitis
- obesity, diabetes
- high cholesterol
- heart disease
- family history of liver disease
- multiple drugs
How many estimate admission were related to alcohol consumption for England?
1.1 million
44% of the patients admitted for alcohol consumption were between what ages?
55-74yo
What is the recommended upper limit for alcohol intake in UK?
- not more than 14 units
- spread the drinking over 3 or more days, have drink-free days
How to calculate the alcohol units?
multiply total volume of drin by its ABV, then divide the result by 1000
e.g. (strength (ABV) x volume)/1000 = ? units
Define binge drinking:
it is the consumption, twice the daily alcohol limit. Attained simply by sharing a bottle of wine with someone
What can acute binge drinking do?
increase serum endotoxin and bacterial DNA levels in healthy individuals
What is the % of heavy drinkers who admit they underplay their consumption habits?
40%
What does alcohol do to hepatocytes?
- increase CYP2E1/ROS/Fe stores
- decrease antioxidants/mitochondria
What can affect Kupffer cells and cause an increase in both ROS and TNF-alpha?
Bacterial endotoxin and alcohol
What generally happens in liver injury in terms of structure and activated features?
- loss of hepatocyte microvilli
- loss of fenestrae
- Activate HSC
- deposition of scar ECM
- activated Kupffer cells
What contributes to oxidative metabolism of ethanol?
- ADH
- cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)
- catalase
What happens as a result of oxidative metabolism of alcohol?
- Acetaldehyde adducts formation
- Increase ROS formation
- Increase NADH:NAD ratio
Explain the metabolisation process of ethanol (alcohol):
- Ethanol metabolised to acetaldehyde by ADH, CYP2E1, catalase
- Further oxidation to actetate by ALDH
- Results in generation of NADH, acetaldehyde, ROS
- Inherited mutations of ADH1B/ADH1C/ALDH2, cause amount of production of acetaldehyde to vary in individuals
Does acetaldehyde metabolise rapidly at high or low concentrations?
low concentrations
Why is it NOT a good thing to have circulating acetaldehyde?
generates oxidative stress, associated with tissue damage
What is associated with the ‘hangover’ sensation?
acetaldehyde
What is associated with the “flushing” response following alcohol consumption?
mutations in ALDH gene
What is the increased risk in individuals with mutations in ALDH?
cancer (particularly oesophageal)
What are the results of increased CYP2E1 activity?
- increased ROS generation
- increased activation of pro-carcinogens in tobacco smoke/polycyclic hydrocarbon, hydrazines, nitrosamines
What levels do CYP2E1 decrease?
retinol and retinoic acid (important functions in cell growth regulation and transdifferentiation + DNA transcription)
What are the effects of chronic alcohol exposure?
- oxidative stress
- reduction in anti-oxidant levels (mito. glutathione)
- dysregulation of iron transport, increased hepatic iron stores
- depletion of hepatic mito.
- Lipid deposition
- DNA damage
- release proinflammatory mediators (cytokines)
- necrotic death of hepatocytes
- stellate cell activation
- white cell infiltration
