Restorative Art Comprehensive Flashcards
The physical appearance of one’s face is affected in part by what are known as facial markings. These include the _______, ________, and _________ that help give each of us an individuals.
wrinkles, depressions, and projections
The character lines, wrinkles, grooves, cords of the neck and dimples of the face.
facial markings
facial markings are caused by
muscles
Factors responsible for facial markings.
A. Age & HeredityB. EnvironmentC. Muscle Striation & ActionD. Position of the bodyE. Condition of the body 1. Rapid loss of weight 2. Pathological condition 3. Corpulence (weight gain) 4. Trauma
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR FACIAL MARKINGSgenetically predisposed to them, genetic make-up from our parents
heredity
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR FACIAL MARKINGSthe number of facial markings we have increase with age: loss of muscle mass, stretching of the skin, and how our skin was cared for throughout our life
age
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR FACIAL MARKINGSwhat effects most people is exposure to the sun. Excessive amounts of sun throughout the life will tend to have a darker complexion with more line and firmer, less soft skin texture.
environment
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR FACIAL MARKINGSThe more a muscle is worked, the firmer it becomes. Reverse is also true if muscles are not worked.
Muscle striation
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR FACIAL MARKINGSIf we are lying on our backs in a supine position, the sag will be posterior and later.
Position of the body
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR FACIAL MARKINGSThe state that the deceased is in when the embalmer receives it can affect the facial markings. A body that has been disfigured due to an accident or disease may have markings that have been partially or completely altered and need to be reproduced through restorative procedures. Folding of excess tissue can give the appearance of someone looking older
Condition of the body
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR FACIAL MARKINGSA disease can change the appearance of facial markings.
Pathological condition
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR FACIAL MARKINGSexcess moisture can make the face appear unrecognizable. Removes or lessens the effect of wrinkles and facial marking. Opposite effect of weight loss.
Corpulence
those markings present at birth
Natural facial markings
those markings developed throughout a lifetime; as you age
Acquired facial marking
neither natural nor acquired facial markings which occur on both sides of the face are truly symmetrical
Asymmetry of facial markings
The termination of all facial markings is
indefinite
a natural facial marking; vertical groove located medially on the superior integumentary lip, extends from the columna nasi and the margin of the red lip (superior mucus membrane). The lateral margins are slightly raised. They form an irregular parenthetical curve; meaning it is shaped like a parenthesis (). The greatest depth of the philtrum corresponds to its widest part. The philtrum can become obscured in very old age
Philtrum
a natural facial marking;goes from the nose the lips to the corner of mouth. The eminence of the cheek and adjacent to the mouth, extending from the superior part of the posterior margin of the wing of the nose to the side of the mouth. Its elevation will vary according to the amount of tissue
Nasolabial fold
Linear outline of the nasolabial fold
Curved- gentle curve, Straight- less curvature Sinuous (backward S)
adjust color rather than say use of make-up, no written permission required. Minimum effort, skill, and time to complete
minor restoration
written permission required for restorative procedure. Long period of time, are extensive, required advance technical skill, time to complete
major restoration
the care of the deceased to recreate a natural form and color
restorative art
external shape; a mold for casting; produce a certain shape; to constitute existing elements
form
a visual sensation perceived by the eye and the mind due to the activity and vibration of light
color
defined as the study of the structures and surface markings of the face and features.
Physiognomy
Incentives for achieving proficiency in restorative art
Psychological effect on immediate family and friends.Professional responsibility
the most common characteristic of each feature
Norm
before or in front of; refers to the ventral or abdominal side of the body
anterior
toward the rear or caudal end, toward the back; dorsal
Posterior(dorsal)
toward the head
Superior
beneath; lower; toward the feet
Inferior
middle; near the middle plane
Medial
toward the side
Lateral
refers to two sides (of face or feature).
Bilateral
a part extending beyond the level of its surroundings
Projection
the withdrawal of a part from its normal position
Recession
having a spiracle depressed or hollow surface (bowed in). glossary definition: exhibiting a depressed or hollow surface; a concavity
Concave
curved evenly resembling a segment of the outer edge of a sphere (Bowed-out).
Convex
a line which is neither horizontal nor vertical
Inclination
Reason for seeking permission before undertaking a restoration
consumer’s right to informed consent.
Is a vertical plane which divides the head into left and right sides; a lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left portions.
Median plane(sagittal)if the division is into two equal halves, then it would be median or mid-sagittal plane
Cut across the median plane right angle; divides the body into superior and inferior sections
Horizontal plane(transvere)
Is slanted (inclined) it is neither vertical nor horizontal
Oblique
a surface exhibiting a minimum curvature, but differing in direction from the adjacent surface
Surface
Correspondence in size, shape, and relative position of parts that are on opposite sides of the face (ears, eyes).
Symmetry
Refers to the difference of paired features; the two sides of a feature or both “halves” of the face. (Difference between the two ears). Glossary definition: lack of symmetry, balance, or proportion
Asymmetry
A funeral director, during the arrangement conference, has two opportunities to encourage a family to hold a viewing with an open casket:
- The first involves the funeral director discussing the help that viewing provides the bereaved in facing the reality of death.2. The second arises when discussing the appearance of the body and the technical skill and care that the professional staff will provide to ensure a natural and pleasing appearance.
The basic form of the nose is
pyramid shaped
The basic form of an ear is
wedge shaped
The face has how many bones?
14
Muscle that raises the eyebrows.
Occipitofrontalis (epicranius).
Muscle the allows us to chew.
Temporalis
Muscle that closes the mandible. Aids in chewing.
Masseter
Musle that closes the eyelid and compresses the lacrimal sac.
Orbicularis oculi.
Muscle that draws the eyebrows inferiorly…frowning.
Corrugator
Muscle that raises the upper eyelid.
Levator palpebrae superioris
Muscle that draws the skin of the forehead inferiorly; wrinkles the forehead.
Procerus
Muscle that closes the lips. Puckering muscle.
Orbicularis oris
Muscle that raises the upper lip and dilates the nostrils (common elevator)
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi.
Muscle that elevates and extends the upper lip.
Levator labii superioris.
Muscle that draws the lip superiorly and laterally.
Zygomaticus minor.
Muscle that makes us smile or laugh.
Zygomaticus major (laughing muscle).
Muscle used in blowing a trumpet.
Buccinator
Muscle that draws the corners of the mouth posteriorly.
Risorius
Muscle that depresses the angle of the mouth
Depressor anguli oris.
Muscle that depresses the lower lip inferiorly and slightly laterally.
Depressor labii inferioris (Quadratus).
Muscle that elevates and protrudes the lower lip. Also wrinkles skin over the chin.
Mentalis.
Muscle that wrinkles the skin of the neck and chest. “Pouting” muscle.
Platysma
Muscle that rotates and depresses the head.
Sternocleidomastoid
Muscle that draws the hyoid bone superiorly.
Digastricus
Wrinkles, depressions and projections are known as what?
Facial markings.
Six things that are responsible for facial markings…
Heredity, age, environment, muscle striation and action, position of the body and condition of the body.
Crevice in the skin bordered by adjacent elevations.
Furrow/Sulcus/Wrinkle.
An elongated depression on a relatively level plane or surface.
Groove
An elongated prominence adjoining a surface.
Fold
The fleshy termination of the nasal septum at the base of the nose located between the nostrils. The most inferior part of the nose.
Columna nasi
the horseshoe-shaped bone forming the inferior jaw.
Mandible
Small oval depression on the zygomatic process of the temporal bone into which the condyle of the mandible articulates. anterior to external auditory meatus Forms TMJ.
Mandibular fossa
jaw protrusion of the inferior jaw.
Mandibular prognathism
The furrow beneath the jawline, which rises vertically on the cheek; an acquired facial feature.
Mandibular sulcus
muscle of mastication which close the mandible.
Masseter
the rounded projection on the inferior portion of the temporal bones just posterior to the lobe of the ear.
Mastoid process
a triangular projection on the inferior portion of the anterior mandible.
Mental eminence
the muscle which elevates and protrudes the lower lip, wrinkles the skin over the chin.
Mentalis
directly inferior to the glabella and form a dome over the superior portion of the nasal cavity.
Nasal bones
the orifice in the bony face bounded by the margins of the nasal bones and the maxilla.
Nasal cavity
the sharp, bony projection located medially at the inferior margin of the nasal cavity.
Nasal spine of the maxilla
The angular area between the posterior margins of the wing of the nose and the nasolabial fold; a natural facial marking.
Nasal sulcus
the furrow lying medial and adjacent to the nasolabial fold; an acquired facial marking.
Nasolabial sulcus
the concavity superior and medial to the inner corner of the eye.
Naso-orbital fossa
those that are present at birth, hereditary.
Natural facial markings
crows feet; the furrows radiating from the lateral corner of the eye; acquired facial markings.
Optic facial sulci
the muscle that closes the eyelids; compresses the lacrimal sacs.
Orbicularis oculi
the muscle that closes and puckers the lips.
Orbicularis oris
the bony region containing the eyeball; the orbital cavity
Orbital cavity
singular: palpebra; , two movable flaps of skin which cover and uncover each eyeball
Palpebrae
the vertical groove located medially on the superior lip; a natural facial marking.
Philtrum
notched on the edge like a saw.
Serrated
a muscle of the neck that is attached to the mastoid process of the temporal bone and by separate heads to the sternum and clavicle; marks the widest part of the neck.
Sternocleidomastoid
describing those portions which lie immediately inferior to the mandible.
Submandibular
the inferior part of the forehead just superior to the median ends of the eyebrows.
Superciliary arches
the furrow of the superior border of the upper eyelid; an acquired facial marking.
Superior palpebral sulcus
region between the supercilium and the superior palpebrae.
Supraorbital area
the superior rim of the eye sockets.
Supraorbital margins
furrows which cross the forehead; acquired facial markings.
Transverse frontal sulci
Processes on the temporal and zygomatic bones; determines the widest part of the face.
Zygomatic arch
the lateral rim of the eye socket formed by a process of the frontal bone and a process of the zygomatic bone.
Zygomaticofrontal process
Muscle of the face which draws the superior lip posteriorly and superiorly.
Zygomaticus major
Muscle of the face which draw the superior lip superiorly and anteriorly.
Zygomaticus minor
External Facial Bones
Nasal Bones (2)Zygomatic Bones (2)Maxilla (2)Mandible
Lies directly inferior to the glabellaForms a dome over the superior portion of the nasal cavity
nasal bones
The orifice bounded by the nasal bones and maxilla
nasal cavity
Diamond shaped bones that form the cheekbones. They are located on the frontal and lateral planes of the face. The bones form part of the inferior and lateral surfaces of the orbital cavity; has a convex surface (because it moves in the anterior & posterior direction.)
Zygomatic Bones (2)
what type of surface are the zygomatic bones? Why?
• Convex surface- moves anterior and posterior in direction• Give us the widest part of the Face
the zygmatic bone articulates with what?
Temporal process of the zygomatic. When the arch is completely fused, it has three parts from anterior to posterior. 1. Zygomatic bone2. Temporal process of zygomatic3. Zygomatic process of temporal, which completes the arch attaching it to the temporal bone. The arch points the way to the ear and cuts its length in half.
just underneath the zygomatic arch; lateral to the portion of the cheek; not as prominent as the temple area
zygomatic arch depression
where frontal bone and zygomatic bones join
zygomaticofrontalis process
Anatomical features and RA significancezygomatic bone
The widest part of the anterior plane of the face is measured by straight line from the midpoint of one zygomatic bone to the midpoint of the opposite zygomatic bone. Acts as an area for rouge cosmetics. (Give us the widest part of the Face)Zygomatic Arch- Process on the temporal & zygomatic bonesZygomatic Arch Depression- Depression just inferior to the Zygomatic Arch; it is lateral to the portion of the cheek; but it is not as prominent as temple areaZygomaticofrontal Process- made up of the Zygomatic Bone & Frontal Bone; the lateral rim of the eye socket formed by a process of the frontal bone and a process of the zygomatic bone.
bones of the upper jaw; Paired bone• Forms skeletal bone of the superior base of most of the roof of the mouth sides of the nasal cavity and floor of the orbit (upper jaw bone)
Maxilla
maxilla Articulates with
Each other at the midline, forming Nasal Spine of the Maxilla•
The slip of skin that covers the nasal spine; medial partition between anterior nares;Most inferior portion of the noseTHIS IS NOT THE SEPTUM
Columna Nasi
Sharp boney projection located medially along the inferior portion of the nasal cavity
Nasal Spine of the Maxilla
• Forms the inferior jaw- horseshoe shaped
Mandible p. 23
Parts of the Mandible
BodyRamus
triangular projection inferior portion of the anterior mandible; creates the anterior projection of the c
mental eminence of the body of the mandible
the area in between mental eminence and incisor teeth;
Incisive Fossa
tooth sockets; boney ridge
Alveolar Processes
DEFINE INCISIVE TEETH (GLOSSARY)
vertical portion of the mandible
ramus
rounded eminence at the rounded end of a particular bone; on the posterior portion of the ramus; articulates in the mandibular fossa
Condyle
non articulating end of the ramus; provides for attachment (ex. When chewing) temporal muscle attaches here.
Coronoid process
the depression that is located between the condyle and the coronoid process
Mandibular Notch
Marks the widest part of the lower 1/3 of the face
Angle of the Mandible
the point of muscle attachment, which moves the least; beginning of muscle contraction
Origin
the point of muscle attachment, which moves the most
Insertion
muscle of the cranium; also called the “epicranius”Muscle that draws the scalp inferiorly & posteriorly to raise the eyebrows, thin sheet; this broad muscle covers the top of the skull.
Occipitofrontalis Muscle (1)
two parts of the occipitofrontalis muscle
frontal belly (frontalis)occipital belly (occipitalis)
Effects on surface formoccipitofrontalis muscle
When contracted, this muscle raises the eyebrowsContinual contraction forms: TRANSVERSE FRONTAL SULCITRANSVERSE FRONTAL SULCI- furrows which cross the forehead; acquired facial markings
wrinkle or line
sulci
Anatomical features and RA significancemaxilla
Processes of the maxillaEminences/processesAlveolar process Palatine Process - Dental prognathism “buck teeth”-
Anatomical features and RA significancemaxillaFrontal process of the maxilla - the ascending part of the upper jaw, which gradually protrudes as it rises beside the nasal bone to meet the frontal bone.
Processes of the maxillaEminences/processes-
Anatomical features and RA significancemaxillaa bony ridge found on the inferior surface of the maxilla and the superior surface of the mandible which contains the sockets for the teeth.
Alveolar process
Anatomical features and RA significancemaxillaforms anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth. Part of the nasal cavity and part of the orbital cavity
Palatine Process
Anatomical features and RA significancemaxillaoblique insertion of the teeth; can occur in the maxilla. The point where the two maxilla meet form a sharp bony process known as the nasal spine. The nasal spine creates the inferior border of the nasal skeleton.
Dental prognathism “buck teeth”-
Natural facial markings the angular area between the posterior margin of the wing of the nose and the nasolabial fold. It form angle, almost like a triangle.
nasal sulcus
Natural facial markings the shallow curving groove located below the medial (inner) corner of the eyelids, moving laterally downward
Oblique palpebral sulcus
Natural facial markings the small convex prominence lateral to the end of the line of lip closure of the mouth; hard to see because it does not have any definite borders; essential to facial expression(slightly above the corner of the mouth)
Angulus oris eminence
Natural facial markings the groove at each end of the line of mouth closure. Helps to define the width of the mouth, varies in depth and sizedue to the influence from the angulus oris eminence. In youth, it tends to be triangular (corner of the mouth)
Angulus oris sulcus
Natural facial markings the junction of the lower integumentary lip and the superior border of the chin (top of the chin) which may appear as a furrow. The highest point is along the midline. Can be considered subtle.
Labiomental sulcus
the elevation of the angulus oris eminence is formed by the combined insertions of the
zygomatic musclesbuccinator muscletriangularis muscle
Natural facial markingsthe junction of the base of the chin and the submandibular area, which may appear as a furrows (found only below the jawline).Helps to create the double chin. Most noticeable from the profile view.
Submental sulcus (submental furrow)
Natural facial markingsshallow depression located on the cheek or the chin, in a rounded or vertical form. Almost always occur on transverse plane with the line of closure; close to mouth, but can be further back toward cheek area. An elongated dimple is always on median line and called a cleft chin, always more prominent than cheek dimple
dimples
insert definition for bilobated chin
bilobated chin
Acquired facial marking furrow medial and adjacent to the nasolabial fold. Originating at the superior border of the wing of the nose and extending to the sides of the mouth
Nasolabial sulcus
Acquired facial marking the horizontal furrows of the forehead. They vary in depth, curvature, and inclination Can be continuous or interruptedGreatest depth is toward the lateral end.
Transverse frontal sulci
Acquired facial marking vertical or transverse in form; these are the furrows between the eyebrows.
Interciliary sulci
Acquired facial marking crow’s feet - the furrows radiating from the lateral corner of the eye.Usually the first acquired facial marking to appear
Optic facial sulci
Acquired facial marking the furrow of the superior border of the upper eyelid. Defines upper border of the eyelid. Its appearance is noticeable when there is an absence of fatty tissue that region or where the tissues are firm
Superior palpebral sulcus
Acquired facial marking the furrow of the inferior border of the lower eyelid. Not always present
Inferior palpebral sulcus
Acquired facial marking the vertical furrow of the cheek. Not to be confused with nasolabial fold. (bucco- cheek) Can have different locations; short vertical furrow and develop upward and downward; as it moves down it can join into the mandibular sulcus
Bucco - facial sulcus
Acquired facial marking The furrow beneath the jawline which rises vertically on the cheek.
Mandibular sulcus
the nasolabial sulcus is caused by the continual contraction of the multiheaded muscles known as
Quadratus Labii Superioris Muscle
most common form of transverse frontal sulci
dip at central plane
transverse frontal sulci is cause by the continual contraction of this muscle
occipitofrontalis muscle
vertical interciliary sulci is caused by the continual contraction of this muscle
corrugator muscle
transverse interciliary sulci is caused by the continual contraction of this muscle
procerus muscle
optic facial sulci is caused by the continual contraction of this muscle
orbicularis oculi muscle
“bags” under the eyes; the fullness you find between the oblique palpebral sulcus and the inferior palpebral sulcus
Infraoribital pouch (orbital pouch)
Acquired facial markingThe transverse dipping furrow of the neck. Run across front and sides of the neck. Don’t confuse with the cords of the neck
Platysmal sulci
Acquired facial markingThe vertical prominences (eminences) of the neck
Cords of the neck
Acquired facial markingThe vertical furrows of the lips, extending from within the mucous membranes into the integumentary lips. Extend from red lip; generally occur first in the upper lip; when the lips begin to atrophy, this is when you begin to see these. Also known as the furrows of age
Labial sulci
multiple forms of madibular sulci
serrrated jawline
geometric shape of skull
oval
opening of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes
foramen magnum
topmost part of the head
crown vertex
small oval**depression on zygomatic process of temporal bone into which the condyle of the mandible articulates, just anterior to the external auditory meatus(forms TMJ)
mandibular fossa
the prominence at the center of the external surface of the occipital bone.
occipital protuberance
lowest part of the back and base of the cranium, forming a cradle for the brain.
occipital bone
2 bones that form the roof & part of the sides of the skull,widest part of cranium
parietal bone
anatomical structures for locating the modeled ear
temporal bone
the vertical surface of the temporal bone.
squama
bones of cheek
zygomatic bones
2,process on temporal & zygo bones, determines widest part of face
zygomatic arch
one of the lesser concavities of the face, on lateral portion of cheek inferior to zygo arch
zygomatic arch depression
opening or passageway of ear, inferior to glabella,triangular in form
external auditory meatus
rounded prominence at the end of the bone forming an articulation, the posterior process of the ramus of the mandible
condoyle
ascending part of upper jaw which gradually protrudes as it rises beside the nasal bone to meet the frontal bone, ascending process of upper jaw
frontal process of maxilla
single bony prominence, root of the nose
glabella
4 teeth located anteriorly from midline on each jaw, used for cutting
incisor teeth
inferior border of mandible
jawline
a triangular projection on the inferior portion of the anterior mandible
mental eminence
2, paired bone with several processes that form the skeletal base of the most superior face, roof of mouth, sides of nasal cavity, & floor of orbit
maxilla
anterior third of the cranium, forms forehead& the anterior portion of roof of skull
frontal bone
paired, rounded, unmargined prominences found 1 inch beneath normal hairline
frontal eminences
depression between the mental eminence & the inferior incisor teeth
incisive fossa
Care of the deceased to recreate nature form and color is known as…
Restorative Art
Study of the structures and surface markings of the face and features…
Physiognomy
Another word for shape…
Morphology.
The cranium has how many bones?
Eight. Occipital, parietal (2), temporal(2), frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid.
Muscle that raises the eyebrows.
Occipitofrontalis (epicranius).
Muscle the allows us to chew.
Temporalis.
Muscle that closes the mandible. Aids in chewing.
Masseter.
Musle that closes the eyelid and compresses the lacrimal sac.
Orbicularis oculi.
Muscle that draws the eyebrows inferiorly…frowning.
Corrugator.
Muscle that raises the upper eyelid.
Levator palpebrae superioris.
Muscle that draws the skin of the forehead inferiorly; wrinkles the forehead.
Procerus.
Muscle that closes the lips. Puckering muscle.
Orbicularis oris.
Muscle that raises the upper lip and dilates the nostrils (common elevator)
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi.
Muscle that elevates and extends the upper lip.
Levator labii superioris.
Muscle that elevates the angle of the mouth.
Levator anguli oris.
Muscle that draws the lip superiorly and laterally.
Zygomaticus minor.
Muscle that makes us smile or laugh.
Zygomaticus major (laughing muscle).
Muscle used in blowing a trumpet.
Buccinator.
Muscle that draws the corners of the mouth posteriorly.
Risorius.
Muscle that depresses the angle of the mouth
Depressor anguli oris.
Muscle that depresses the lower lip inferiorly and slightly laterally.
Depressor labii inferioris (Quadratus).
Muscle that elevates and protrudes the lower lip. Also wrinkles skin over the chin.
Mentalis.
Muscle that wrinkles the skin of the neck and chest. “Pouting” muscle.
Platysma.
Muscle that rotates and depresses the head.
Sternocleidomastoid.
Muscle that draws the hyoid bone superiorly.
Digastric.
Crevice in the skin bordered by adjacent elevations.
Furrow/Sulcus/Wrinkle.
An elongated depression on a relatively level plane or surface.
Groove.
An elongated prominence adjoining a surface.
Fold.
The most common profile is what?
Convex.
Removing dirt and stains, setting features, temporary sutures and shaving are done before, during or after embalming?
All before (pre-embalming).
Application of pressure to an area to prevent swelling and bleaching a discolored area are done before, during or after embalming?
During.
Excising tumors, reducing swelling, tissue building, drying/suturing excisions, wax application, cosmetics and hairstyling are done before, during or after embalming?
After.
Scabs should be removed before, during or after embalming?
After.
Generally, tumors are excised before, during or after embalming?
After.
In the case of an amputated limb, the limb should be attached to the body or embalmed separately?
Separately.
True or false? A good job of internal coloring/ embalming will lessen the need for external coloring/embalming.
True.
Fleshy termination of the nasal septum at base of nose bordered by the nasal sulcus and the anterior nares
COLUMNA Nasi
-External nostril openings located in posterior two-thirds base of the nose
Nares
-The sharp bony projection located medially at the inferior margin of the nasal cavity.-Indicates the bony length of nose
Nasal Spine of the Maxilla
-The paired nasal bones are inferior to glabella, forming a dome over the superior portion of nasal cavity
Nasal Bones
to bluntly adjoin another structure; for example, the line of eye closure
abut
a bony ridge found on the inferior surface of the Maxilla and the superior surface of the Mandible which contains the sockets for the teeth
alveolar process
descriptive references for locating anatomical structures by means of the anatomical structures which are known
anatomical guides
the body is erect facing the observer, feet together, palms facing forward, and thumbs pointed away from the body
anatomical position
a sharp turn formed by the meeting of two borders or surfaces; angulus
a bony angle formed by the junction of the posterior edge of the ramus of the mandible and the inferior surface of the body of the mandible; marks the widest part of lower 1/3 of the face
the degree from the vertical at which the surface(s) of a prominent feature projects
angle of projection
the small convex prominence found lateral to the end of the line of closure of the mouth; a natural facial marking
angulus oris eminence
the groove found at each end of the line of closure of the mouth; a natural facial marking
angulus oris sulcus
before or in front of; an anatomical term for the position and direction which denotes the front or forward part
anterior
a structure which exhibits a curved or bow-like outline
arch
lack of symmetry, balance, or proportion
asymmetry
(cross stitch) a network of stitches which cross the borders of a cavity or excision to anchor fillers and to sustain tissues in their proper position
basket weave
two sides
bilateral
dissimilarities existing in the two sides or halves of an object
bilateral differences
the horizontal portion of the lower jaw
body of the mandible
the space between the lips and the gums and teeth; the vestibule of the oral cavity
buccal cavity
natural, shallow concavities of the cheeks which extend obliquely downward from the medial or lateral margins of the cheekbones
buccal depressions
a hollow place or area
cavity
a rounded prominence at the end of a bone forming an articulation; the posterior process of the ramus of the mandible
condyle
exhibiting a depressed or hollow surface
concave(CAVE- hollow)
curved evenly; resembling a segment of the outer edge of a sphere
convex
having an abnormal amount of fat on the body
corpulence
separation of the head from the body
decapitation
to lower inferiorly or to reduce projection
depress
excessive leanness; a wasted condition resulting in sunken surface of the face
emaciation
the silhouettes of the face from the side view
facial profiles
external shape; a mold for casting; produce a certain shape; to constitute existing elements
form
the depression between the mental eminence and the inferior incisor teeth
incisive fossa
the four teeth located anteriorly from the midline on each jaw; used for cutting
incisor teeth
a part or projection, more or less rounded; e.g. the inferior part of the ear or the projection of the nose overlying the lower lateral cartilages
lobe
the boundaries or edges
margins
nearer to the midline; opposite of lateral direction
medial
the most common characteristics of each feature; typical, common, average
norm
the vertical groove located medially on the superior lip; a natural facial marking
philtrum
thin layer of muscle covering anterior aspect of the neck
platysma
the transverse, dipping furrow of the neck; an acquired facial marking
platysma sulci
vertical cartilage dividing nasal cavity into two chambers, responsible for asymmetry of the nose
septum
in reference to a photograph, a view which reveals the fullness of the cheeks
three quarter view
plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections
frontal plane(coronal plane)
a hollow or concave region
depression
the state or condition of being thrust forward or projecting
protrusion
the skull, which functions as the skeleton of the head, is composed of two sections, what are they
craniumface
the cranium consists of how many bones
8
the purposes of the skull are
protect the brainsupport the jawsserve as an attachment for musclesgive form to head
bones of the cranium
OF PESToccipital (1)frontal (1)parietal (2)ethmoid (1)sphenoid (1)temporal (2)
the frontal bone articulates with
parietal bones at the coronal structure
occipital bone articulates with
parietal bone at lambdoidal suture and the temporal bone at the squamosal suture
refers to the rays of light reflected from the surface
color
Incentives for achieving proficiency in restorative art.
a. Psychological effect on immediate family and friends.b. Professional responsibility
unless at least ____ of the facial structures remain intact, no restoration is ordinarily attempted Why???
two-thirds(may resemble a “wax replica”)
Is restorative art internal or external?
both
Pre-embalming treatments
- Setting features- do not breeze through this because you want to get to the embalming. Take your time to set the features. Pay attention to the intimate details (eyelashes, eyes abut, etc.)2. Suturing clean cuts, skin flaps, positioning skin, muscle, features, etc.3. Resetting fractures4. Puncture blisters5. Support surface tissues6. Minor buck teeth issues (i.e., Dental Prognathism)
During embalming (Concurrent) treatments
- Internal (active) dye2. Maintaining feature corrections/alignment 3. Limit swelling (i.e., massaging to help penetrate the fluid deeper into the tissues and to prevent any swelling that may occur.) Use restricted cervical technique to prevent swelling, use cold cotton packs on eyes to help distribute fluid elsewhere, instead of the eyes. Always be continually cognitive of what is going on during the process.
Post-embalming Treatments
- Remove scabs2. Excise diseased or mutilated tissues3. Suture incisions/lacerations4. Reduce swellings- assist the swelling by using gravity, cold compress, ace bandage, - making small incision where swelling is present; this is called channeling, - using an electric spatula(an electrically- heated blade used to dry moist tissues, reduce swollen tissues, and restore contour to natural form); this delivers heat to the area to induce swelling, be sure to use large amounts of massage cream to protect the skin5. Deep wound preparation and waxing - when preparing a wound for wax, it should have two essential elements; must be firm and dry- You want the surrounding structure to be firm and stable to allow for wax- Needs to be dry because one of the components of wax is petroleum. The petroleum allows the wax to have form and elasticity. Petroleum is oil (oil and water do not mix)6. Masking discolorations7. External coloring and cosmetics8. Correct buck-teeth9. Attached dismembered part (always after embalming)10. Hair replacement
The following should be done only AFTER embalming
a. Waxingb. Tissue buildingc. Bleaching a stain
First people to practice any type of RA
Egyptians
Early Attempts (and problems) with RA
Plastic surgery- skin transplant Plaster of Paris (see glossary) - draws moisture from surrounding tissuesClay & Putty- too dark and oily. Difficult to hide with cosmeticsSoapWaxes (see glossary) - finally manufacturers produced a practical substance. Influence of mortuary science schools (1920s)
slanting; neither horizontal nor perpendicular
Oblique
Major restoration types
- Full head of hair2. Deep wound preparation and care of deep lacerations3. Repair or reconstruction of multiple fractures4. Buck-teeth (dental prognathism)5. 3rd degree burns
Minor restorative types
- Tissue building (filler)2. Waxing (lips, razor burn, sutures, etc.3. Bleaching/concealing discolorations4. Removal of fever blisters5. Minor hair replacement (eyebrow, eyelash, etc.)6. Reducing swelling (non-surgical)
Theses distinguishing characteristics should not be altered or concealed:
- Moles2. Warts3. Scars4. Birthmarks
anterior third of the cranium
Frontal bone
rounded prominence on either side of the medial line (characteristics)a. They vary in prominence from person to personb. Maybe in distinct (unrecognizable to the untrained eye.)c. Asymmetry d. Can appear continuous
Frontal eminence (2)
superior rim of the eye socket; only rim of the eye socketa. Lies inferior to superciliary archb. On some individuals, will be quite prominent (ex. Tommy Lee Jones)
Supraorbital margin (2)
located in the inferior part of the forehead just superior to the median ends of the eyebrow
Superciliary arch (2)
