Pathology Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
types of cellular reaction to any type of injury
A
???
2
Q
2 types of reversible tissue changes
A
progressive tissue changes
regressive tissue changes
3
Q
this reversible tissue change usually implies an increase in size
A
progressive tissue change
4
Q
this reversible tissue change usually implies a decrease in size
A
regressive tissue change
5
Q
an irreversible change to injury
A
death
6
Q
Regressive changes (4 types)
A
Degeneration (intracellular)
Infiltration (intercellular)
Necrosis
Atrophy
7
Q
type of regressive tissue change in which we have the accumulation or buildup of a substance intracellularly within the protoplasm of cells.
A
Degeneration
8
Q
Types of degeneration
A
(a) Cellular (cloudy) swelling -
(b) Fatty degeneration -
(c) Amyloid disease - .
9
Q
most common type of degeneration. Similar to edema (excess amounts of tissue fluids which bathe and surround the body cells.) This fluid is between cells. Intracellular, cloudy swelling. The swelling would be transient or temporary.
A
Cellular (cloudy) swelling -
10
Q
fatty change - fatty metamorphosis – build up or accumulation of fat within the protoplasm of normal cells. Fat in the liver cells affects the liver.
Liver dysfunction
A
Fatty degeneration
11
Q
accumulation or buildup of amyloid, a waxy starch-like substance within the normal protoplasm of cells. The amyloid is being deposited within the protoplasm of normal cells
A
Amyloid disease
12
Q
Two most common types of amyloid diseases reported:
A
TB - Typically, in adults, it begins in the lungs.
Osteomyelitis – inflammation of the spongy bone marrow inside bones.
13
Q
a type of regressive tissue change, in which we have an accumulation or buildup of a substance between the cells
A
Infiltration (intercellular)
14
Q
What is the difference between degeneration and infiltration?
A
where the substances are being deposited
15
Q
a type of infiltration; the accumulation of pigmented or colored substance between cells.
A
Pigmentation
16
Q
pigmentation originated outside the body
A
Exogenous
17
Q
a color change along the gum line due to lead
A
plumbism
18
Q
black lung disease
A
anthracosis
19
Q
the active ingredient of pepto-bismol will cause color change in the small intestines
A
bismuth poisoning
20
Q
abnormal buildup of a pigmented or colored substance naturally produced within the body, e.g. jaundice, freckles, moles.
A
Endogenous
21
Q
abnormal accumulation or buildup of calcium salts between cell fibers, as in sclerotic vessels, the way the body heals bone fractures.
A
Calcification
calcareous infiltration
22
Q
abnormal accumulation or excess of uric acid, especially seen in the big toe
A
Gout
23
Q
types of infiltration (3)
A
pigmentation
calcification
gout
24
Q
another name for birthmarks
A
Albenism (albino)
25
a type of regressive tissue change where there is a localized area of dead tissue in the living body.
Necrosis
26
causes of necrosis (4)
(1) Insufficient blood supply.
(2) Physical agent - temperature extremes, radiation.
(3) Chemical agents
(4) Loss of nerve supply
27
types of necrosis (3)
(1) Caseous necrosis
(2) Gangrene
(3) Decubitus ulcer
28
a type of necrosis - Cheeselike in appearance as seen in T.B.
Caseous necrosis
29
ischemic necrosis plus putrefaction
gangrene
30
reduction in arterial blood supply.
Ischemic
31
the decomposition of proteins in an anaerobic environment (absence of oxygen).
Putrefaction
32
organisms that obtain their food from dead matter
Saprophytes
33
commonly called true gangrene – The foreword definition is ischemic necrosis plus putrefaction, since saprophytes are present; foul odor present; no line of demarcation between dead tissue and functional tissue. This type of gangrene spreads very quickly.
moist gangrene
34
In humans, moist gangrene is most common where?
extremities or the viscera (organs)
35
false gangrene; no saprophytes present; no order; nice line of demarcation. This type of gangrene spreads slowly.
dry gangrene
36
only gangrene that is infectious in nature, caused by Clostridium perfringens (a bacteria which can cause spores) during life; microorganisms causes tissue gas in death.
gas gangrene
37
types of gangrene (3)
moist
dry
gas
38
type of necrosis; commonly called bedsores which are caused by pressure points which restrict blood flow. (Most commonly seen in bed ridden patients.) They don’t respond well to vascular embalming.
Decubitus ulcer
39
a type of regressive change; absence or lack of growth. A decrease in size of a body part or organ that previously was of normal size. (shrink)
atrophy
40
types of atrophy (2)
physiological atrophy
| pathological atrophy
41
a type of atrophy; a decrease in size of a body part or organ due to decreased functional demands
physiological atrophy
42
an example of physiological atrophy; located at the base of the neck. Largest and most active during infancy. (T-cell lymphocytes)
thymus gland
43
the progressive shrinkage of all organs as part of the natural aging process
senile atrophy
44
All ______ will atrophy or shrink as a part of the natural aging process
organs
45
another example of physiological atrophy; reduction in breast size after lactation
*
46
decrease in size of a body part or organ due to disease – (emaciation) anorexia nervosa; cancer; disuse. Disease of a body part (muscle) which will decrease in size
pathological atrophy
47
the body’s total response to any injury
inflammation
48
functions of inflammation
protection of the body, if possible -
a. Destroy the causative agent.
b. Limit the area affected.
c. Begin the process of repair - the process to replace destroyed cells with new ones (scar tissue), but not the same as the destroyed cells.
49
Causes of inflammation
a. Physical irritants - extremes of temperature - hot or cold.
Radiation which is cumulative.
b. Chemical irritants - an exposure to chemical.
c. Infectious agents - any type of microscopic pathogens.
d. Immunological reactions - allergic reaction to a immunological shot (autoimmune disease).
50
Process of inflammation
a. Hyperemia (congestion)
| b. Exudation
51
vascular. Excess blood to the injured body part or organ. The first phase in the inflammatory process. Whole blood is shipped to area of injury by the arteries. Ship whole blood to area of injury first.
Hyperemia (congestion)
52
The second phase of the inflammatory process. The oozing of fluids at the level of the capillaries.
Exudation
53
the liquid that is oozed at the level of the capillaries
exudate
54
Three types of exudates
Purulent (suppurative)
Hemorrhagic
Serous
55
Exudates which contain pus (dead and living white blood cells and dead and living bacteria).
Purulent (suppurative)
56
exudate which contains blood.
Hemorrhagic
57
exudate which does not contain pus.
Serous
58
An outstanding feature of serous
blisters
59
Cardinal signs and/or symptoms of inflammation – (Mr. Vesless) these should be temporary.
```
Heat
Redness
Swelling
Pain
Altered function
```
60
Latin word meaning heat
calor
61
Latin word meaning redness
rubor
62
Latin word meaning swelling
tumor
63
Latin word meaning pain
dolor
64
Latin word meaning altered function
functio laesa
65
Inflammatory lesions (8)
a. Abscess
b. Phlegmon - cellulitis,
c. Vesicle
d. Furuncle
e. Carbuncles
f. Fistula
g. Ulcer
h. Pustule
66
localized collection of pus.
abscess
67
a diffuse or wide spread inflammation of subcutaneous connective tissue. Usually appears as a red streak that is spreading rapidly just beneath the surface of the skin. (not to be confused with Bourbon nose)
Phlegmon
| cellulitis
68
medical name for blister, a slight elevation on the surface of the skin filled with serous or non-purulent fluid (does not contain pus); usually caused by second degree burns due to hot liquids or pressure points
Vesicle
69
single non-communicating boil, a boil is the name commonly given to an abscess of a hair follicle or sweat gland. (Acne, pimple, zit, white head)
Furuncle
70
several communicating boils where the drainage of the hair follicle or sweat gland are shared.
Carbuncles
71
abnormal passageway. The most common site is the large intestine. Can occur between parts of a body or from a body part to the outside
Fistula
72
localized area of necrotic epithel
ulcer
73
three common sites for ulcers
1. Upper GI tract, stomach or duodenum
2. Toes on diabetics
3. Decubitus ulcer - bedsore
74
elevation of the surface of the skin which contains pus. (Pimple, whitehead, or black head) usually an oil gland.
Pustule
75
Acne, pimple, zit, white head are examples of
furuncle
76
Pimple, whitehead, or black head are examples of
pustule
77
the outcome of the inflammation phase (3)
1. Resolution
2. Regeneration
3. Repair
78
part of the outcome of inflammation phase which signals an end of the exudation stage or inflammation stage.
resolution
79
Two basic methods by which your body completes inflammation
Regeneration
| Repair
80
the replacement of damaged or diseased cells with the exact same type of tissue
Regeneration
81
two types of regeneration
a. Physiological Regeneration
| b. Pathological Regeneration
82
the replacement of damaged or diseased cells with the exact same type of tissue; due to increased functional demand.
Physiological Regeneration
83
the replacement of damaged or diseased cells with the exact same type of tissue; due to disease (example: damage or disease of the skin, specifically burns)
Pathological Regeneration
84
connective tissue cells. The replacement of damaged or diseased tissue with healthy new cells; most commonly connective tissue cells or by surgery – This results in scar tissue.
Repair
85
Nervous system inflammation
```
Encephalitis
Myelitis
Meningitis
Poliomyelitis
Neuritis
```
86
inflammation of the brain
encephalitis
87
inflammation of the spinal cord
myelitis
88
inflammation of the 3 layer membrane of the brain and spinal cord
meningitis
89
inflammation of the gray matter portion of the spinal cord.
Poliomyelitis
90
inflammation of a neuron or nerve cell
Neuritis
91
Respiratory system inflammation
```
Rhinitis
Pharyngitis
Sinusitis
Laryngitis
Pleuritis (pleurisy)
Tracheitis
Bronchitis
Pneumonitis (pneumonia)
```
92
inflammation of the nasal mucosa (mucusmembrane of the lining of the nasal cavity) nose.
Rhinitis
93
inflammation of the pharynx - a sore throat.
Pharyngitis
94
inflammation of one or more sets of the paranasal sinuses. (near or along the nasal cavities)
Sinusitis
95
inflammation of the larynx or voice box.
Laryngitis
96
inflammation of the pleura - a thin membrane that surrounds the lungs. (pleural space or cavity)
Pleuritis (pleurisy)
97
inflammation of the trachea or windpipe.
Tracheitis
98
inflammation of one or both of the bronchi (two) or bronchus (one)
Bronchitis
99
inflammation of or infection of lung tissue itself.
Pneumonitis (pneumonia)
100
3 types of Pneumonitis (pneumonia)
(1) lobar pneumonia - one portion of the lung.
(2) bronchial pneumonia
(3) viral pneumonia
101
Digestive system inflammation
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Stomatitis
Glossitis
Gingivitis
Esophagitis
Gastritis
Enteritis
Diverticulitis
Colitis
```
Proctitis
Peritonitis
Pancreatitis
Hepatitis
Cholecystitis
Cholangitis
Appendicitis
102
inflammation of the mouth
Stomatitis
103
inflammation of the tongue
Glossitis
104
inflammation of the gums
Gingivitis
105
inflammation of the esophagus - the muscular tube that conveys food from the throat to the stomach
Esophagitis
106
inflammation of the stomach
Gastritis
107
inflammation of the small intestines.
Enteritis
108
inflammation of the diverticulum or intestinal hernia
Diverticulitis
109
inflammation of the colon - the longest division of the large intestines
Colitis
110
inflammation of the rectum
Proctitis
111
inflammation of the peritoneum - the membrane which surrounds the abdominal viscera.
Peritonitis
112
inflammation of the pancreases - a heterocrine gland
Pancreatitis
113
inflammation of the liver
Hepatitis
114
inflammation of the sac containing bile or gallbladder.
Cholecystitis
115
inflammation of one or more of the bile duct
Cholangitis
116
inflammation of the vermiform (snakelike) appendix.
Appendicitis
117
2 types of colitis
(1) amebic
| 2) ulcerative (psychosomatic disorder
118
functions of pancreas
1. break downs food
| 2. insulin – released into blood to control sugar levels.
119
Genitourinary System inflammation
```
Pyelitis
Pyelonephritis
Glomerulonephritis
Ureteritis
Cystitis
Urethritis
Orchitis
Prostatitis
Oophoritis
Salpingitis
Endometritis
Endocervicitis
Vaginitis
```
120
inflammation of the renal pelvis.
Pyelitis
121
inflammation of the structural and functional unit of the kidney caused by pyogenic pus forming bacteria.
Pyelonephritis
122
inflammation of the little tufted capillaries (glomerulus) of the structural and functional unit of the kidneys.
Glomerulonephritis
123
inflammation of the tube that urine between the kidney and urinary bladder conveys.
Ureteritis
124
inflammation of the urinary bladder.
Cystitis
125
inflammation of the single tube that conveys urine from the urinary bladder to outside the body.
Urethritis
126
inflammation of one or both of the male gonads (testis).
Orchitis
127
inflammation of the prostate gland.
Prostatitis
128
inflammation of one or both of the ovaries (female sex gland).
Oophoritis
129
inflammation of one or both of the fallopian tubes.
Salpingitis
130
inflammation of the endometrium, the inner most or vascular layer of the uterus
Endometritis
131
inflammation of the endocervic the inner most layer of the lower neck structure of the cervix.
Endocervicitis
132
inflammation of the Vagina or birth canal.
Vaginitis
133
Cardiovascular System inflammation
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Pericarditis
Myocarditis
Endocarditis
Arteritis
Phlebitis .
Thrombophlebitis
Cholangitis
```
134
inflammation of the pericardium - the sack surrounding the heart. (Pericardium- sack surrounding the heart)
Pericarditis
135
inflammation of the muscle layer of the heart. (Left ventricle has the greatest thickness of myocardium)
Myocarditis
136
inflammation of the endocardium inner most layer of the heart. Layer of the heart in which heart valves are made. (Endocardium- innermost layer of the heart)
Endocarditis
137
inflammation of the artery - Angiogram can cause arteritis.
Arteritis
138
inflammation of the vein
Phlebitis
139
inflammation of the vein because of the presence of an attached blood clot during life. This clot is called a thrombus.
Thrombophlebitis
140
inflammation of a vessel (passageway) through which bile flows (one or more of the bile ducts.)
Cholangitis
141
Skin and Skeletomuscular System inflammation
Dermatitis
Bursitis
Osteomyelitis
Arthritis
142
inflammation of the skin – Most common form is contact dermatitis ex: poison ivy, poison oak, or poison sumac.
Dermatitis
143
inflammation of the bursa - the tiny sac filled with a lubricant for the joints. Bursa- tiny sac filled with a lubricant for the joints.
Bursitis
144
inflammation of the spongy bone marrow
Osteomyelitis
145
inflammation of the joints
Arthritis
146
Lymphatic System inflammation
Tonsilitis
| Lymphangitis
147
inflammation of the one or more of the three sets of tonsils. Tissue between the mouth and throat.
Tonsilitis
148
inflammation of the lymph vessel.
Lymphangitis
