response to sport (respiratory system response) Flashcards
control of breathing rate
Physical exercise increases the oxygen consumption of skeletal muscles. Decreased blood oxygen (the amount of oxygen in blood) and increased blood carbon dioxide concentration stimulate the respiratory
centre to increase breathing rate (chemical control). A minor increase in breathing rate
before exercise is known as an anticipatory rise. However, when exercise begins, there is an immediate and greater increase in breathing rate due to receptors in the
muscles and joints (neural control).
respiratory muscles
During exercise, forced breathing is used. This differs from normal breathing because,
during expiration, the internal intercostal muscles contract moving
the ribs and sternum upwards and outwards forcibly. The abdominal muscles also contract, increasing the pressure of the abdominal cavity, helping the diaphragm to
rise more forcibly.
tidal volume
Tidal volume is the amount of air ventilated in or out of the lungs in one breath. it increases durin exercise due to body demand for more oxygen and need to offload CO2. it increases in breathing rate to maintain alveolar ventilation duriny steady state exercise.
minute volume
At a low to moderate exercise intensity, tidal volume and breathing rate increase
proportionally. However, at a high exercise intensity, tidal volume reaches a peak so
any further increase in minute volume requires an increase in breathing rate.
what is chemical control
decreased blood oxygen and increased blood carbon dioxide concentration stimulate the respiratory centres to increase breathing rate
what is a minor exercise in breathing rate before exercise known as
anticipatory rise
what is neural control
immediate and greater increase in breathing rate due to recepters in the muscles and joints
why does tidal volume increase during exercise
due to the body’s demand for more oxygen and/or the
need to offload increased levels of carbon dioxide.
how is minute volume calculated
Minute
volume is measured in litres per minute and is calculated by multiplying tidal volume
by breathing rate.
how much of the bodies total uptake can be used during exercise
can use up to 10 per cent of the body’s total oxygen uptake.
what is Alveolar ventilation
tidal
volume minus dead space
(air that remains in trachea
explain the oxygen dissociation graph
shows the relationship between the percentage of oxygen saturation of blood and the partial pressure of oxygen. majoirty of oxygen is transported in blood by haemolglobin. reaction of haemoglobin is reversible , which means oxygen can be unloaded from haemolglobin. the binding of oxygen to haemoglobin is dependent on on the partial pressure of oxygen. oxygen binds to haemoglobin in oxygen rich situations (lungs) oxygen is released by haemoglobin in places where there is little oxygen ( exercising muscles)
effects of ph and temperature on 02 dissociation curve
shifts the curve . these shift enhance oxygen release in tissues and increase xygen uptake in lungs
why does blood become more acididc during exercise
because of increase production of carbon dioxide
What mechanisms is breathing rate controlled by?
Neural and chemical mechanisms
Where is neural control located
the respiratory centre in the brain which is located in the medulla oblongata
what happend to the body during exercise when it needs to supply more energy
amount of CO2 increases and dissolves in the blood stream to produce a weak acid
what happends during exercise
.co2 rises _ acidity in blood increases
.sensed by chemreceptors
.specialised cells that detect chemical changes in the blood
what happens when the body releases there is too much acidity in the blood
.the body does not like the acidity in the blood. the chemorecptors send a signal to the meulla oblongata
.medulla oblongata signals diaghram and intercoastal muscles to increase breathing rate to get rid of excess co2
what other additional skeletal muscles aid process of breathing
.inspiration_-the sternocleidomastoid aids the process of contracting to raise upper half of chest
.expiration-intercoastal, obliques contract to force air out more quickly
explain adaptions
training leads to increase in stregnth of respiratory muscles.
allows lungs to take in more air per breath
aerobic training- reduces the ve rate
endurance- can also provide a small increase in lung volume
