response to sport (respiratory system response)

Question 1

control of breathing rate

Answer 1

Physical exercise increases the oxygen consumption of skeletal muscles. Decreased blood oxygen (the amount of oxygen in blood) and increased blood carbon dioxide concentration stimulate the respiratory
centre to increase breathing rate (chemical control). A minor increase in breathing rate
before exercise is known as an anticipatory rise. However, when exercise begins, there is an immediate and greater increase in breathing rate due to receptors in the
muscles and joints (neural control).

Question 2

respiratory muscles

Answer 2

During exercise, forced breathing is used. This differs from normal breathing because,
during expiration, the internal intercostal muscles contract moving
the ribs and sternum upwards and outwards forcibly. The abdominal muscles also contract, increasing the pressure of the abdominal cavity, helping the diaphragm to
rise more forcibly.

Question 3

tidal volume

Answer 3

Tidal volume is the amount of air ventilated in or out of the lungs in one breath. it increases durin exercise due to body demand for more oxygen and need to offload CO2. it increases in breathing rate to maintain alveolar ventilation duriny steady state exercise.

Question 4

minute volume

Answer 4

At a low to moderate exercise intensity, tidal volume and breathing rate increase
proportionally. However, at a high exercise intensity, tidal volume reaches a peak so
any further increase in minute volume requires an increase in breathing rate.

Question 5

what is chemical control

Answer 5

decreased blood oxygen and increased blood carbon dioxide concentration stimulate the respiratory centres to increase breathing rate

Question 6

what is a minor exercise in breathing rate before exercise known as

Answer 6

anticipatory rise

Question 7

what is neural control

Answer 7

immediate and greater increase in breathing rate due to recepters in the muscles and joints

Question 8

why does tidal volume increase during exercise

Answer 8

due to the body’s demand for more oxygen and/or the
need to offload increased levels of carbon dioxide.

Question 9

how is minute volume calculated

Answer 9

Minute
volume is measured in litres per minute and is calculated by multiplying tidal volume
by breathing rate.

Question 10

how much of the bodies total uptake can be used during exercise

Answer 10

can use up to 10 per cent of the body’s total oxygen uptake.

Question 11

what is Alveolar ventilation

Answer 11

tidal
volume minus dead space
(air that remains in trachea

Question 12

explain the oxygen dissociation graph

Answer 12

shows the relationship between the percentage of oxygen saturation of blood and the partial pressure of oxygen. majoirty of oxygen is transported in blood by haemolglobin. reaction of haemoglobin is reversible , which means oxygen can be unloaded from haemolglobin. the binding of oxygen to haemoglobin is dependent on on the partial pressure of oxygen. oxygen binds to haemoglobin in oxygen rich situations (lungs) oxygen is released by haemoglobin in places where there is little oxygen ( exercising muscles)

Question 13

effects of ph and temperature on 02 dissociation curve

Answer 13

shifts the curve . these shift enhance oxygen release in tissues and increase xygen uptake in lungs

Question 14

why does blood become more acididc during exercise

Answer 14

because of increase production of carbon dioxide

Question 15

What mechanisms is breathing rate controlled by?

Answer 15

Neural and chemical mechanisms

Question 16

Where is neural control located

Answer 16

the respiratory centre in the brain which is located in the medulla oblongata

Question 17

what happend to the body during exercise when it needs to supply more energy

Answer 17

amount of CO2 increases and dissolves in the blood stream to produce a weak acid

Question 18

what happends during exercise

Answer 18

.co2 rises _ acidity in blood increases
.sensed by chemreceptors
.specialised cells that detect chemical changes in the blood

Question 19

what happens when the body releases there is too much acidity in the blood

Answer 19

.the body does not like the acidity in the blood. the chemorecptors send a signal to the meulla oblongata
.medulla oblongata signals diaghram and intercoastal muscles to increase breathing rate to get rid of excess co2

Question 20

what other additional skeletal muscles aid process of breathing

Answer 20

.inspiration_-the sternocleidomastoid aids the process of contracting to raise upper half of chest
.expiration-intercoastal, obliques contract to force air out more quickly

Question 21

explain adaptions

Answer 21

training leads to increase in stregnth of respiratory muscles.
allows lungs to take in more air per breath
aerobic training- reduces the ve rate
endurance- can also provide a small increase in lung volume