neuromuscular responses Flashcards
what are two kind of nerves
sensory neurons
motor neurons
explain motor neurons
carry information from our CNS to the skin
explain sensory neurons
carry information from our skin to the central nervous sytem
what are 3 nervous control of muscular contraction
isotonic contraction
isometric contraction
isokinetric contraction
explain isotonic contraction
the muscle shortens as it develops tension
explain isometric contraction
the muscle develops tension but does not change length
explain isokinetric contraction
– the muscle contracts to its maximum at a constant speed
over the full range of movement.
why do muscles contract and relax
Muscles contract and relax due to muscle filaments moving backwards and forwards across each other. What causes these backwards and forwards movements to occur is the
actions of specialised nerve cells called motor units working at a neuromuscular junction.
what is a neuromuscular junction
a neuromuscular junction is the site at which a motor
neuron communicates with a muscle fibre using nerve impulses.
motor unit
made up of motor neurons and all muscle fibre it affects. motor units work together to coordinate contractions of a muscle
what are muscle spindles
are proprioceptors found in muscles, located in intrafusal fibres. they detect muscle stretch and iniate a reflex that counteracts the stretch to prevent muscle tears
what are proprioceptors
sensory receptors found in tissue , tendons and joints which tells the brain about the physical stsate
what do primary receptors in the muscle spindles do
respond to the degree of the stretch , then send this information via the spinal cord
what do secondary receptors in the muscle spindle do
send information to the cns . this information is transmitted to a motor neuron . which causes muscle to contract, reducing stretch.
what are receptors
Receptors are groups of specialised cells that detect changes in the environment
which send impulses to the brain that result in the body
adapting to these changes.
explain chemorecptors
sense chemical stimuli within the body.
what are thermorecptors
sense changes in temperature and are key to the
thermoregulation process.
what are Baroreceptors
located in blood vessels and sense blood pressure.
what is the endocrine system
The endocrine system is the body system consisting of organs and tissues that produce
hormones in response to exercise and other external factors.
name main body hormones
adrenaline
noradrenaline
cortisol
testorone
human growth hormone
Ostergren
what is adrenaline
it increases heart rate, breathing
rate and metabolic rate and improves the force of muscle actions, delaying the
onset of fatigue
what is cortisol
associated with stress, cortisol increases blood sugar levels, suppresses
the immune system and aids the metabolism of macronutrients
what is testorone
the primary male sex hormone involved in the development
of muscle tissue and muscular strength, testosterone increases the number of
neurotransmitters, encouraging muscle tissue growth.
what is oestrogen
the primary female sex hormone; known to inhibit bone resorption.
