response of body to sport (skeletal response)

Question 1

what does aerobic mean

Answer 1

with oxygen. involves the use of oxygen in energy production. used in long distance running. your body uses oxygen in a number of different chemical reactions to generate energy almost as quickly as its being used. glycogen is used to break down to produce glucose, but in its absence fat metabolism is used instead

Question 2

what is anaerobic

Answer 2

means without oxygen. relies on energy sources stored in the muscles. is not reliant on oxygen

Question 3

what is physiology

Answer 3

study of the way that the body responds to exercise and training

Question 4

what is calcium

Answer 4

a mineral essential for bone growth and found in a wide range of foods

Question 5

why is long term exercise good

Answer 5

it slows the rate of skeletal ageing. people who maintain active lifestyles have greater bone mass compared to those who participate in less exercise.

Question 6

explain the remodelling of a bone

Answer 6

bone is a dynamic tissue. it is constantly reshaped by osteoblasts. in return, osteoclasts break down the tissue to allow new growth.

Question 7

what happens midlife to osteoblast and osteoclasts

Answer 7

they are both balanced. however as the body ages osteoclast activity increases, breaking down bone tissue to release calcium and other minerals to the bloodstream

Question 8

what are osteoblasts

Answer 8

specialised bone cells that build new bone tissue.

Question 9

osteoclasts

Answer 9

large nucleated cells that destroy bone cells , reabsorb calcium

Question 10

what is synovial fluid

Answer 10

liquid that acts as a lubricant found in the cavities of synovial joints. exercises increases the amount of synovial fluid , decreasing its viscosity.

Question 11

what can improve cardiac muscle

Answer 11

high intensity cardiovascular exercise.

Question 12

what does viscosity mean

Answer 12

how thick a fluid is , affecting its resistance to flow

Question 13

what does cardiac muscle mean

Answer 13

muscle tissue only found in the heart

Question 14

what type of muscle recruitments is there

Answer 14

Type 1 , type 11a , type 11x

Question 15

what pattern is the recruitment muscle fibres in ?

Answer 15

first slow twitch (type 1) muscle fibres are brought into action, then fast twitch ( type 11a and then type 11x) muscle fibres.

Question 16

what is the level of recruitment determined by

Answer 16

demand placed on the muscle , even during maximum activity the nervous system does not use all muscle fibres

Question 17

what is cardiac output

Answer 17

amount of blood the heart pumps through the circulatory system in a minute

Question 18

how does blood flow to the working muscles

Answer 18

blood flow is never evenly distributed throughout the bodies organs and tissues. the body sends blood where it is needed. the redistribution of blood is achieved primarily by vasoconstriction and vasodilation which are regulated by hormones or chemicals

Question 19

what is vasoconstriction

Answer 19

reduction in the diameter of blood vessels

Question 20

what is vasodilation

Answer 20

expansion in the diameter of blood vessels

Question 21

how much blood goes to muscles at rest

Answer 21

20 percent , blood flow is distributed according to the need of the organs involved in the digestive process

Question 22

how much blood goes to muscles during exercise

Answer 22

increase up to 5-6 litres to 15-20 per minute and blood flow distribution changes dramatically , with up to 86 per cent of the blood going to the muscles.

Question 23

what are micro-tears

Answer 23

muscles are made up of hundred of thousands of tiny fibres. during exercise muscle fibres will contract and relax against each other , resulting in micro tears.

Question 24

what happens to micro tears when you rest

Answer 24

body heals using protein to fill the gaps

Question 25

how does temperature affect the muscles

Answer 25

as the muscles warm up , blood circulating through the muscles also warm up resulting in a rise in body temperature . more intense exercise , more heat they produce.

Question 26

explain remodelling

Answer 26

osteoclasts destroying areas of older bone and the tissue is then reabsorbed by the body. This process by the osteoclasts activates the osteoblasts to start to lay down collagen and minerals in the area that was destroyed and start the process of remodelling. The osteoblasts turn into osteocytes which are bone cells and form new bone. ​