response of body to sport (skeletal response) Flashcards
what does aerobic mean
with oxygen. involves the use of oxygen in energy production. used in long distance running. your body uses oxygen in a number of different chemical reactions to generate energy almost as quickly as its being used. glycogen is used to break down to produce glucose, but in its absence fat metabolism is used instead
what is anaerobic
means without oxygen. relies on energy sources stored in the muscles. is not reliant on oxygen
what is physiology
study of the way that the body responds to exercise and training
what is calcium
a mineral essential for bone growth and found in a wide range of foods
why is long term exercise good
it slows the rate of skeletal ageing. people who maintain active lifestyles have greater bone mass compared to those who participate in less exercise.
explain the remodelling of a bone
bone is a dynamic tissue. it is constantly reshaped by osteoblasts. in return, osteoclasts break down the tissue to allow new growth.
what happens midlife to osteoblast and osteoclasts
they are both balanced. however as the body ages osteoclast activity increases, breaking down bone tissue to release calcium and other minerals to the bloodstream
what are osteoblasts
specialised bone cells that build new bone tissue.
osteoclasts
large nucleated cells that destroy bone cells , reabsorb calcium
what is synovial fluid
liquid that acts as a lubricant found in the cavities of synovial joints. exercises increases the amount of synovial fluid , decreasing its viscosity.
what can improve cardiac muscle
high intensity cardiovascular exercise.
what does viscosity mean
how thick a fluid is , affecting its resistance to flow
what does cardiac muscle mean
muscle tissue only found in the heart
what type of muscle recruitments is there
Type 1 , type 11a , type 11x
what pattern is the recruitment muscle fibres in ?
first slow twitch (type 1) muscle fibres are brought into action, then fast twitch ( type 11a and then type 11x) muscle fibres.
what is the level of recruitment determined by
demand placed on the muscle , even during maximum activity the nervous system does not use all muscle fibres
what is cardiac output
amount of blood the heart pumps through the circulatory system in a minute
how does blood flow to the working muscles
blood flow is never evenly distributed throughout the bodies organs and tissues. the body sends blood where it is needed. the redistribution of blood is achieved primarily by vasoconstriction and vasodilation which are regulated by hormones or chemicals
what is vasoconstriction
reduction in the diameter of blood vessels
what is vasodilation
expansion in the diameter of blood vessels
how much blood goes to muscles at rest
20 percent , blood flow is distributed according to the need of the organs involved in the digestive process
how much blood goes to muscles during exercise
increase up to 5-6 litres to 15-20 per minute and blood flow distribution changes dramatically , with up to 86 per cent of the blood going to the muscles.
what are micro-tears
muscles are made up of hundred of thousands of tiny fibres. during exercise muscle fibres will contract and relax against each other , resulting in micro tears.
what happens to micro tears when you rest
body heals using protein to fill the gaps
how does temperature affect the muscles
as the muscles warm up , blood circulating through the muscles also warm up resulting in a rise in body temperature . more intense exercise , more heat they produce.
explain remodelling
osteoclasts destroying areas of older bone and the tissue is then reabsorbed by the body. This process by the osteoclasts activates the osteoblasts to start to lay down collagen and minerals in the area that was destroyed and start the process of remodelling. The osteoblasts turn into osteocytes which are bone cells and form new bone.
