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Biology > Response to infection (6.7-6.9, 6.12-6.13) > Flashcards

Response to infection (6.7-6.9, 6.12-6.13) Flashcards

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1
Q

Antibody

A

​A protein molecule which binds to an antigen and is produced by plasma cells in response to an infection

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2
Q

Antigen

A

​A foreign substance which is capable of triggering an immune response located on a cell

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3
Q

Antigen presenting cell (APC)

A

A type of cell which breaks down pathogens and presents

the cellular fragments on their surface for detection by other immune cells

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4
Q

Artificial active immunity

A

Immunity that is acquired by exposure to a dead or weakened version of a pathogen in the form of a vaccine

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5
Q

Artificial passive immunity

A

Immunity that is gained by the transfer of premade antibodies to an individual through an injection

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6
Q

B effector cell

A

A form of B lymphocyte that actively produces and secretes antibodies in response to an infection

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7
Q

B memory cell

A

A class of B lymphocyte which is found in the lymph nodes and provides long term immunity to a pathogen

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8
Q

Host/Parasite Evolutionary race

A

​The continual competition over time where infectious agents are evolving better infection mechanisms whilst the hosts are simultaneously evolving better defences.

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9
Q

Inflammation

A

​The immune response to tissue damage involving swelling though the accumulation of immune cells and fluids.

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10
Q

Interferon

A

A cytokine released by virus infected cells which alerts nearby cells and triggers immune defences.

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11
Q

Lysozyme

A

The enzyme present in secretions such as tears, saliva and mucous which breaks down bacterial cell walls.

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12
Q

Macrophages

A

​A type of immune cell which are specialised for phagocytosis of pathogens and can act as antigen presenting cells

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13
Q

Natural active immunity

A

​Immunity that is gained from infection with a live pathogen.

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14
Q

Natural passive immunity

A

Immunity produced by the transfer of antibodies from a mother
to a foetus through the placenta or to a baby through breastfeeding.

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15
Q

Pathogen

A

​A microorganism which causes disease.

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16
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The ingestion of solid material (particularly pathogens and foreign material) by phagocytic cells
Neutrophils ad macrophages

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17
Q

Plasma cell

A

A type of lymphocyte which B cells differentiate into which produces antibodies
It matures in the bone marrow

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18
Q

Primary immune response

A

​The initial response produced by the immune system when it encounters a pathogen for the first time

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19
Q

Secondary immune response

A

The response produced by the immune system to a pathogen which it has encountered previously.

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20
Q

T cells

A

A type of lymphocyte that matures in the thymus and is involved in cell mediated immunity

21
Q

T helper cell

A

A type of T lymphocyte which regulates the immune response through the release of cytokines.

22
Q

T killer cell

A

A type of T lymphocyte which triggers the death of cells which are damaged or infected with viruses.

23
Q

T memory cell

A

A type of T lymphocyte found in different parts of the body which is used to provide long term immunity to a pathogen

24
Q

What does inflammation cause

A

Hot because of increased metabolic rate
Red because of increased blood flow from vasodilation of arteries
Swollen because of leaky capillaries

25
Q

Stages of inflammation

A
  • Immune system cells recognises foreign antigens on the surface of pathogen and mast cells and white blood cells release histamine which triggers inflammation
  • Histamine causes the vasodilation of arterioles around the site of infection increasing the blood flow to it
  • Histamine also increases the permeability of the blood vessels so they leaks and cause oedema
26
Q

Benefit of increased blood flow

A

brings loads of immune system cells to the site off infection

27
Q

Benefit of Increased permeability

A

allows cells to move out of infected tissue

28
Q

Specific immunity

A

Response by lymphocytes to infection

29
Q

B cell division

A

A stage of B cell clonal selection where B effector and B memory cells are produced

30
Q

B effector cells

A

Differentiate into plasma cells which secrete antibodies

31
Q

B cell clonal selection stages

A
  • Bacterium with antigens of surface binds to B cell with complementary receptor
  • B cell becomes antigen presenting cell
  • An activated T helper cell with complementary receptor binds to APC and produces cytokines that stimulate the B cell
  • The B cell divides to give B memory and B effector cells
  • The clone of B effector cells differentiate into plasma cells
  • The plasma cells secrete antibodies which bind to antigens, identifying them for easier destruction
32
Q

Activation of T helper cells

A
  • Bacterium with antigens on surface is engulfed by a macrophage
  • The macrophage presents the antigens on its surface, becoming an antigen presenting cell
  • APC binds with the T helper cell with complementary CD4 receptors
  • The T helper cell is activated then divides
  • It creates a clone of T memory cells and a clone of active T helper cells
33
Q

Role of T killer cells in cell mediated response stages

A
  • T killer cells with complementary receptors bind to the antigen presented by the body cells
  • Divide to form active and memory T killer cells with the help of cytokines from T helper cells
  • The active T killer cells bind to infected cells presenting antigens
  • T killer cells release enzymes that create pores to form within the infected cell, causing lysis
  • The pathogens within the cell are released and can be labelled by antibodies form B cells as targets for destruction by macrophages
34
Q

What is the difference between the role of the non specific and specific response

A

Non specific is directed at any invading pathogen, whereas, specific is directed at a specific pathogen

35
Q

Cell mediated response

A

T killer cells causing the lysis of an infected cell to get the pathogen out and labelled by antibodies

36
Q

Active memory cell

A

When a memory cell comes into contact with the same pathogen it becomes activated and differentiates into plasma cells

37
Q

Humoral response

A

Activates B cells to produce antibodies in response to foreign particles in bodily fluids

38
Q

Lymphocytes

A

White blood cells (B cells and T cells) which circulate in the blood and lymph and defend against pathogens

39
Q

Agglutination

A

Where pathogens are clumped together for easier phagocytosis by antibodies which can bind to two pathogens at the same time

40
Q

Precipitation

A

Where antibodies neutralise soluble toxins

41
Q

Lysis

A

The breaking open of bacterial cells by T killer cells and antibodies

42
Q

Opsonisation

A

where pathogens are coated with antibodies for detection of macrophages for phagocytosis

43
Q

What holds antibodies together

A

Disulphide bridges

44
Q

Where are the light chains found on an antibody

A

The two stalks branching off the top

45
Q

where is the heavy chain found on an antibody

A

The base of the Y shape

46
Q

What is found on the variable region of an antibody

A

The antigen binding site

47
Q

Hinge region

A

Provides antibody flexibility

48
Q

Antibody labelling for phagocytosis stages

A
  • An activated B cell releases antibodies
  • The antibodies bind to complementary antigens on the surface of a bacteria and label them
  • The antibody binds to the antibody receptor on a macrophage
  • The macrophage engulfs the antibodies and bacterium
  • Lysosomes fuze with the vacuole, releasing digestive enzymes that destroy the bacterium

Biology (18 decks)

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