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Biology > DNA and genetic code > Flashcards

DNA and genetic code Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gene

A

A sequence of mononucleotide bases on a DNA molecule that code for a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

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2
Q

Genome

A

All the genes in an individual

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3
Q

DNA structure

A

Deoxyribose + phosphate group + a base

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4
Q

What is stored in DNA

A

The genetic code

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5
Q

Pentose sugar in DNA

A

Deoxyribose

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6
Q

Bases in DNA

A

Adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine

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7
Q

RNA structure

A

Ribose sugar + Phosphate + Base

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8
Q

Bases in RNA

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and URACIL (not thymine)

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9
Q

Mononucleotide

A

Monomers of DNA and RNA made of a phosphate group, pentose sugar and nitrogen containing base

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10
Q

Function of RNA

A

Transfer beentic information from DNA to ribosomes

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11
Q

Polynucleotide

A

A polymer made of mono nucleotides

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12
Q

Reaction to join mononucleotides together to form polynucleotides

A

Condensation reaction between the phosphate and sugar group

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13
Q

Bonds holding DNA polynucleotides together

A

Hydrogen bonds between the bases

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14
Q

Bonds holding nucleotides together

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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15
Q

How many H bonds form between Adenine and Thymine

A

2

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16
Q

How many H bonds forms between Guanine and Cytosine

A

3

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17
Q

Complementary base pairing

A

When bases on nucleotides join together with H bonds

A + T and G + C

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18
Q

Structure of DNA

A

Two polynucleotides joined together by complementary base pairing with them running antiparallel to each other forming a double helix structure

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19
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

Made in nucleus during transcription and carries the genetic code from the DNA out of nucleus and into cytoplasm

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20
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

Located in cytoplasm which has an amino acid binding site at one end and a sequence of 3 bases at the other called an anticodon, and it carries amino acids to ribosomes during translation

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21
Q

Nature of genetic code

A

Triplet code that is non overlapping and degenerate

22
Q

Genetic code

A

Sequence of base triplets/codons in DNA or mRNA which codes for specific amino acids

23
Q

Non overlapping genetic code

A

Each triplet is read separately and doesn’t share their bases

24
Q

Degenerate genetic code

A

There are more possible combinations of triplets than amino acids, so amino acids are coded for by more than one base triplet

25
Q

Start and stop codons

A

A triplet found at the start and end of a gene which tells the cell to start and stop the production of a protein

26
Q

Stages of transcription

A
  • RNA polymerase attaches to DNA double helix at the start codon of the gene
  • The enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds between the polynucleotides, unwinding the DNA molecule, and one of the strands is used as template for a copy of mRNA
  • RNA polymerase lines up free RNA mononucleotides alongside the template strand and complementary base pairing ensures that it is a copy of the DNA template
  • The specific bases are then joined together forming an RNA molecule
  • RNA polymerase then moves down the DNA forming the rest of the mRNA strand until it reaches a stop codon where it detaches from the DNA and stops making the mRNA
  • mRNA then moves out of nucleus through a nuclear pore and attaches to ribosome in cytoplasm ready fro translation
27
Q

RNA polymerase involvement in making a template of DNA

A

An enzyme which attaches to DNA double helix in the nucleus and breaks apart the H bonds between the polynucleotide strands causing the DNA to unwind

28
Q

RNA involvement in making mRNA

A

It lines up free RNA mononucleotides alongside the DNA template strand and then joins them together by moving down the DNA strand to form an mRNA strand

29
Q

Codon

A

3 adjacent bases on RNA

30
Q

Triplet

A

3 bases on DNA

31
Q

Translation stages

A
  • mRNA attaches itself to a ribosome and tRNA molecules carry amino acids to the ribosome
  • A tRNA molecule with a complementary anticodon to the start codon on the mRNA attaches through complementary base pairing
  • A second tRNA molecule attaches to the next codon
  • The two amino acids are then joined together by a peptide bond
  • tRNA moves away from its amino acid once its been bonded
  • The ribosome moves down the mRNA to the next codon continuing this process until there’s a stop codon on the mRNA molecule and the peptide chain breaks away
32
Q

Ribosome structure

A

Composed of two subunits, with one smaller and larger subunit
The large subunit contains two tRNA binding sites so the mRNA joins to the smaller subunit so that two mRNA codons face upwards into the big subunit

33
Q

DNA replication

A

The process of copying DNA when a cell divides

34
Q

Semi conservative replication

A

When half the strands of the new DNA molecule are from the original DNA molecule

35
Q

Genetic continuity

A

Cells produced by cell division receive the same genes from their parent cells

36
Q

DNA replication stages

A
  • DNA helices breaks the H bond between the bases of the two polynucleotides causing the DNA to unwind to form two single strands
  • Each original strand acts as a template for a new strand
  • Complementary base pairing occurs between free floating DNA nucleotides and the template strand
  • DNA polymerase catalyses the nucleotides join together by condensation reactions
  • Hydrogen bonds form between the bases of the original and new strands
  • Each new DNA molecule contains one new strand and original strand of DNA
37
Q

Conservative replication

A

The original DNA strands stay together and two new strands from their own separate DNA molecule

38
Q

Mutation

A

A change in base sequence of DNA caused by errors during DNA replication

39
Q

Substitution

A

Where one base is swapped for another

40
Q

Deletion

A

Where one base is removed

41
Q

Insertion

A

Where an extra base is added

42
Q

Duplication

A

One or more bases are repeated

43
Q

Inversion

A

A sequence of bases is reversed

44
Q

Allele

A

An alternative form of a gene that occurs at the same locus on homologous chromosomes

45
Q

Genotype

A

The alleles an individual has

46
Q

Phenotype

A

The characteristics displayed by an organism

47
Q

Homozygous

A

An organism that carries two of the same allele for a certain characteristic

48
Q

Heterozygote

A

An organism that carries two different alleles for a certain characteristic

49
Q

Carrier

A

A heterozygote contain a recessive allele that can cause disease

50
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

When the trait of a dominant allele isn’t completely shown over the trait produced by a recessive allele
So both alleles influence the phenotype

Biology (18 decks)

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