Photosynthesis (5.5-5.9) Flashcards

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1
Q

Calvin cycle

A

The group of light-independent reactions involved in photosynthesis
Produces GALP from CO2 and a 5C molecule

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2
Q

Carbon fixation (Calvin cycle)

A

​The addition of CO2​ ​ to RUBP to form an unstable 6 carbon intermediate in the Calvin cycle catalysed by RuBisCO

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3
Q

Chlorophyll

A

​The main photosynthetic pigment found in chloroplasts which is used to capture energy from light during photosynthesis.

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4
Q

Chloroplast

A

​An organelle found in plants and algae which is the site of photosynthesis.

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5
Q

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GALP)

A

The 3 carbon molecule produced by the reduction of GP by reduced NADP using the energy provided by the hydrolysis of ATP.

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6
Q

G​lycerate ​3​-phosphate ​(GP)

A

The 3 carbon molecule produced by the spontaneous breakdown of the 6 carbon product of carbon fixation.

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7
Q

Granum

A

A stack of thylakoids.

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8
Q

Photolysis of water

A

Light energy splits water into protons, electrons and oxygen
Helps replace electrons in PS2

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9
Q

Photophosphorylation of ATP

A

A phosphate group is added onto ADP to form ATP using light energy

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10
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The process of using light energy to carry out the photolysis of water and store the hydrogen in organic molecules by combining it with carbon dioxide

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11
Q

RuBisCO

A

The enzyme used to fix carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle.

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12
Q

Stroma

A

​The liquid portion of the chloroplasts where the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis take place.

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13
Q

Thylakoids

A

​Flattened membrane-bound sacs found inside chloroplasts which are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

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14
Q

ATP synthase

A

Catalyses the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP by transporting hydrogens back down their concentration gradient

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15
Q

Products of light dependent reaction

A

ATP (made from ADP and Pi in photophosphorylation)
reduced NADP (from NADP)
Protons, hydrogen and oxygen (from photolysis of water)

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16
Q

Hydrolysis

A

The splitting of a molecule using water

17
Q

Photosynthesis equation

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

18
Q

NADP

A

An enzyme which transfers hydrogen from one molecule to another

19
Q

Light dependent reaction stages

A
  • Light energy causes photolysis of water, forming protons, electrons and oxygen
  • Light strikes chlorophyl molecules in PS2, causing electrons to become excited and emitted
  • Electrons pass down electron transport chain
  • Energy lost at each transfer is used to pump protons from stroma into thylakoid lumen
  • The protons then move back down their concentration gradient into the stroma via ATP synthase (chemiosmosis)
  • ATP is formed in this process called photophosphorylation
  • Light excites PS1 electrons which transfer to NADP to from reduced NADP with the help of a proton
20
Q

Role of photosystem 1

A

Absorbs light energy to excite electrons which convert NADP to reduced NADP with the help of a proton

21
Q

Role of photosystem 2

A

Absorbs light energy which excites electrons in the chlorophyl which then pass down an electron transport chain into PS1

22
Q

ATP synthase

A

An enzyme which allows protons to move down their concentration gradient from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma
Converts ADP and Pi into ATP

23
Q

Non cyclic photophosphorylation

A

Uses both photosystems to produce ATP, reduced NADP and O2

24
Q

Cyclic photophosphorylation

A

Only uses PS1 to only produce small amounts of ATP

The electrons are passed back to PS1 instead of onto NADP

25
Q

Light independent reaction stages

A
  • CO2 diffuses into stroma and combines with RuBP (5c) to form 2 molecules of GP (3c) using enzyme RuBiSCo
  • Both molecules of GP are phosphorylated by ATP and reduced by reduced NADP to form 2 molecules of GALP (3c)
  • ADP + Pi and NADP are products
  • Every 1 in 6 GALP molecules is used for products of photosynthesis, and the rest are regenerated into RuBP using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP
26
Q

Fixation of CO2 in Calvin cycle

A

CO2 diffuses from stroma and combines with RUBP (5C) with it being catalysed by enzyme Rubisco
The product is 2 GP (3C)

27
Q

Reduction of GP in Calvin cycle

A

Both molecules of GP are phosphorylated using ATP and reduced using reduced NADP
Forms 2 molecules of GALP (3C)

28
Q

Regeneration of RUBP in Calvin cycle

A

1/6 molecules of GALP are used to make products of photosynthesis
The rest are used to regenerate RUBP

29
Q

How many turns of the carbon cycle to produce a glucose

A

6

30
Q

Rubisco

A

Enzyme used to catalyse CO2 combining with RUBP (5C)

31
Q

GP

A

A 3 carbon molecule produced in the fixation of CO2

2 lots are produced each time

32
Q

Hydrolysis of ATP

A

Breaking down of ATP into ADP and Pi which provides an immediate supply of energy for biological processes

33
Q

How does Calvin cycle make carbohydrates

A

Joining of hexose sugars

34
Q

Adaptations of thylakoids for photosynthesis

A

Stacked into grana to increase surface area and maximise absorbance of light and contain lots of ATP synthase

35
Q

Adaptation of the membrane of the chloroplast

A

Double membrane to keep reactants close to the reaction sites

36
Q

PS1 wave absorption of light

A

700nm

37
Q

PS2 wave absorption of light

A

680nm