Respiration

Question 1

Respiration equation

Answer 1

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

Question 2

Respiration definition

Answer 2

The metabolic process where a large amount of ornery is released form the splitting of glucose into CO2 and H2

Question 3

Stages of respiration

Answer 3

Glycolysis -> Link reaction -> Krebs cycle -> Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 4

Basal metabolic rate

Answer 4

Minimum energy requirement of the body at rest to fuel basic metabolic processes

Question 5

Phosphorylation

Answer 5

ADP + Pi -> ATP

Question 6

Hydrolysis

Answer 6

ATP broken down into P and ADP

Question 7

How does hydrolysis of ATP provide energy for cells

Answer 7

Energy is released from the bonds forming between H2O and P as the phosphate group is hydrolysed

Question 8

Products of glycolysis

Answer 8

2 x ATP, 2 x Reduced NAD and 2 x pyruvate

Question 9

Location of glycolysis

Answer 9

Cytoplasm

Question 10

Glycolysis stages

Answer 10

• 2 ATP molecules add 2 Pi groups to glucose, causing it to split into 2 triose phosphate molecules (3C)
• 2 NAD molecules oxidise these 3 carbon molecules, forming 2 reduced NAD, and converting it into pyruvate
• 4 phosphate are transferred to 4 ADP molecules, phosphorylating into ATP

Question 11

Link reaction stages

Answer 11

• Pyruvate is decarboxylated, CO2 is removed
• 2 Hydrogen are used to reduce NAD
• Pyruvate converted to acetate
• Coenzyme A combines with acetate to from Acetyl Coenzyme A

Question 12

Products of link reaction

Answer 12

For half a glucose there is ONE Acetyl Coenzyme A, reduced NAD and CO2

Question 13

Krebs cycle stages

Answer 13

• Acetyl Coenzyme A combines with 4C molecule to produce 6C molecule
• 6C molecule is decarboxylated and oxidised to release CO2 and reduced NAD to form 5C molecule
• 5C molecule is decarboxylated to release more CO2
• ATP is formed through substrate level phosphorylation
• 5C molecule is oxidised to release 2 reduced NAD and 1 reduced FAD
• This produces a 4C molecule to be used again

Question 14

Products of Krebs cycle

Answer 14

4C molecule 
Coenzyme A 
2 x CO2
3 x redcued NAD 
1 x FAD 
1 x ATP

Question 15

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 15

Where energy from electrons on reduced NAD/FAD are used to make ATP
This involves the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

Question 16

Electron Transport Chain stages

Answer 16

• Reduced Coenzymes NAD/FAD release hydrogen atoms which split into H+ and e-
• The electrons move along electron transport chain via redox reactions (inner mitochondrial membrane)
• Energy from this process is used to pump H+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane creating a high H+ concentration in the intermembranal space
• ATP synthase helps moves H+ back down electrochemical gradient into matrix and synthesises phosphorylation of ATP (chemiosmosis)
• H+ and e- combine with O2 from the blood to form water, as oxygen is the final electron acceptor

Question 17

How many ATP created from reduced NAD

Answer 17

3 ATP

Question 18

How many ATP produced from reduced FAD

Answer 18

2 ATP

Question 19

Total number of ATP produced per glucose molecule

Answer 19

38
8 from Glycolysis (2 ATP and 2 reduced NAD)
6 from Link Reaction occurring twice (2 reduced NAD)
24 from Krebs Cycle occurring (2 ATP, 6 reduced NAD and 2 reduced FAD)