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Biology > Pathogens and disease (6.2, 6.5-6, 6.11, 6.14-15) > Flashcards

Pathogens and disease (6.2, 6.5-6, 6.11, 6.14-15) Flashcards

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1
Q

Microorganisms decomposing organic matter

A

They secrete enzymes that decompose the dead organic matter into small molecules so they can respire
Methane and CO2 are released and recycles carbon back into the atmosphere

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2
Q

Bacteria

A

Single celled, prokaryotic organism

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3
Q

Flagellum

A

Long hairlike structure used to give bacteria movement

Not all bacteria have one

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4
Q

Cell wall of bacteria

A

Made of glycoprotein and supports the cell

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5
Q

Pili

A

Help bacteria to stick to other cells and they enable gene transfer
Not all bacteria have them

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6
Q

Plasmids

A

Small loops of DNA

Not found in all bacteria

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7
Q

DNA in bacterium

A

One long coiled strand of DNA which floats free in the cytoplasm
Called a bacterial chromosome

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8
Q

Viruses

A

Non living microorganism which can cause harm to other organisms

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9
Q

What do viruses not have

A

Cytoplasm, plasma membrane, ribosomes

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10
Q

Virus nucleic acid

A

Contain a core of nucleic acid that can be either DNA or RNA

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11
Q

Viral envelope

A

An outer layer, made up of the cell membrane of the previous host cell

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12
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Stick out of the edge of the capsid and allow the virus to hold on to the host cell

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13
Q

HIV

A

Human immunodeficiency virus

A virus spread through bodily fluids which attacks there immune system and can lead to AIDS

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14
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

As a result of HIV

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15
Q

What enzymes are found in HIV

A

Reverse transcriptase and intergrase

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16
Q

What cell does HIV replicate in

A

T helper cell

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17
Q

What is the docking protein on HIV

A

Gp120

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18
Q

What is the transmembrane protein found on HIV

A

gp41

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19
Q

What is found inside HIV

A

2 copies of RNA surrounded by a protein capsid which is also enclosed in a layer of viral protein

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20
Q

How does HIV get inside T helper cells

A
  • Gp120 molecules bind to CD4 receptors on the T helper cell surface membrane
  • The envelope surrounding the HIV fuses with the T helper cell membrane
  • The virus RNA enters the cell
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21
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

Converts RNA into DNA so that it can be integrated into the host cell’s DNA
Makes a single stranded DNA transcript then made into a double strand

22
Q

Intergrase enzyme

A

Inserts virus DNA into the host cell’s DNA

23
Q

How does HIV replicate in the host cell

A
  • RNA released into the T cell’s cytoplasm is converted into double stranded DNA by reverse transcriptase
  • The virus DNA is inserted inside the host’s DNA via intergrase enzyme
  • The DNA of the virus is then translated
  • Virus particle budding is wrapped in the cell membrane, forming the virus envelope
24
Q

TB structure

A 
Cytoplasm, ribosomes
Plasma membrane 
Cell wall made of peptidoglycan 
Circular DNA 
Plasmid 
Slimy capsule 
Flagellum
25
Q

How is TB transmitted

A

Droplets of mucus and saliva released into air which are then inhaled

26
Q

Primary infection phase of TB

A
  • Inflammatory response
  • Macrophages then engulf bacteria
  • A granuloma (mass of tissue) forms
27
Q

Granuloma

A

A mass of tissue forming in the primary infection phase of TB

28
Q

Tubercules

A

Granulomas containing dead bacteria and macrophages

TB dies because these conditions are anaerobic

29
Q

Latent TB

A

Inactive TB found inside tubercules which means that the host has no symptoms of the disease

30
Q

How does TB evade the immune system

A
  • Produces a substance that prevents the lysosomes fusing with the phagocytic vacuole so that the bacteria are not broken down and can remain undetected
  • It disrupts the antigen presentation in infected cells
  • Contains thick waxy walls which ate hard to break down
31
Q

Why does the active TB phase occur

A

If the host’s immune system cannot break the disease down

32
Q

What does active TB lead to

A

Bacteria multiply rapidly, destroying lung tissue
There is less SA for gas exchange
If left untreated the lung damage can kill the host

33
Q

Factors which reduce activity of immune system

A

HIV/AIDS
Old age or real young
Malnutrition
Poor living conditions

34
Q

Routes of pathogens into body

A

Cuts in skin
Digestive system
Inhaled through respiratory system
Mucosal surfaces

35
Q

How does stomach acid protect against infection

A

Killed by acidic conditions

But some can survive and invade cells in gut wall

36
Q

How does gut and skin flora protect against infection

A

They are naturally covered by harmless micro-organisms called flora
They compete with pathogens for space and nutrients

37
Q

How does skin protect against infection

A

Physical barrier

But if damage occurs to skin then they can enter through bloodstream before a blood clot forms

38
Q

How does lysozyme on mucosal surfaces prevent infection

A

It kills bacteria by damaging their cell walls which makes the bacteria burst open

39
Q

Bacteriocidal

A

Kill bacteria

40
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Prevent bacteria from growing

41
Q

Antibiotics

A

Chemicals that kill or inhibit growth

Can be either bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal

42
Q

How do antibiotics work

A

They inhibit bacterial metabolism

Either by inhibition of enzymes or protein production

43
Q

How does enzyme inhibition prevent bacteria

A

Enzymes are needed to make chemical bonds in the bacterial cell walls
Prevents the bacteria from growing properly
Can lead to cell bursting as cell was can’t prevent water entering via osmosis

44
Q

How does protein inhibition prevent bacteria

A

They bind to bacterial ribosomes
Prevents protein synthesis and enzymes can be produced
Cant carry out metabolic processes

45
Q

Why do antibiotics only affect bacteria

A

They have larger ribosomes, and cell walls

Can’t affect viruses as they have neither

46
Q

What are hospital acquired infections (HAIs)

A

Infections caught whilst in hospital

47
Q

How are HIAs transmitted

A

Hospital staff and visitors not washing their hands
Coughs and sneezes not being contained
Surfaces not being disinfected

48
Q

Why are people more likely to catch infections in hospital

A

More ill patients

Weakened immune systems

49
Q

How do hospitals prevent and control HAIs

A

Washing of hands by staff and visitors
Equipment and surfaces disinfected after use
People with HAIs over into isolation ward to prevent transmission to other patients

50
Q

How are HAIs caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria prevented

A

Doctors shouldn’t:
Prescribe antibiotics for minor bacterial infections or viral infections or to prevent infections
Use narrow spectrum antibiotics
They should rotate use of different antibiotics
Patients should take all of the antibiotics prescribed so infections are fully cleared

Biology (18 decks)

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