Causes and development of CVD (1.5-1.7, 1.15, 1.18) Flashcards

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1
Q

Anticoagulants

A

A class of drug used to stop blood from forming clots and used as a treatment for CVD.

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2
Q

Antihypertensives

A

A class of drug that is used as a treatment for high blood pressure (hypertension).

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3
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

​A disease caused by a buildup of fatty deposits within arteries which narrows them and can restrict blood flow.

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4
Q

Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

A

A term used to describe a group of diseases related to the heart and blood vessels.

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5
Q

Coagulation

A

The process of blood turning into a gel and forming a clot, often in response to a broken blood vessel to prevent blood loss.

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6
Q

Risk factor

A

A factor that increases the likelihood of a person developing a disease.

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7
Q

Statins

A

A class of drug that is used to lower cholesterol levels in the blood.

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8
Q

Stages leading to atherosclerosis

A
  • Endothelium becomes damaged
  • Inflammatory response occurs where white blood cells accumulate
  • An atheroma forms with a build up of fatty desposit, including cholesterol
  • Calcium salts and fibrous tissue build up, forming plaque
  • Plaque causes the lumen to become narrower, reducing blood flow, causing blood pressure to increase
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9
Q

Stages leading to a blood clot

A
  • Thromboplastin is released from a damaged blood vessel
  • Triggers the conversion of prothrombin (soluble protein) to thrombin (enzyme)
  • Thrombin catalyses the conversion of fibrinogen (soluble protein) to fibrin (insoluble fibres)
  • The fibrin fibres tangle together and form a mesh in which platelets and red blood cells get trapped, forming a blood clot
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10
Q

Thromboplastin

A

A protein released from a damaged blood vessel

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11
Q

Prothrombin

A

A protein which is converted into thrombin with the help of calcium ions and thromboplastin

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12
Q

Thrombin

A

An enzyme formed from the conversion of thromboplastin

It catalyses the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

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13
Q

Fibrinogen

A

A soluble protein which is converted into fibrin by the enzyme thrombin

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14
Q

Fibrin

A

Solid insoluble fibres formed from fibrinogen by thrombin

They tangle together to form a mess in which platelets and red blood cells get trapped, forming a blood clot

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15
Q

How blood clots lead to heart attacks

A
  • Coronary artery becomes blocked by blood clot
  • Area of heart muscle cut off from blood supply (ischaemic) and wont receive any oxygen
  • Myocardial infarction occurs (heart attack)
  • Causes damage and death of heart muscle
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16
Q

How do arteries clot

A

If the endothelium is damaged as a result of atherosclerosis then platelets come into contact with the damaged surface and any collagen
A clotting cascade is triggered within the vessel

17
Q

Ischaemic

A

When blood supply to the heart muscle is cut off as a result of a blood clot

18
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

Heart attack when heart muscle cells don’t have enough oxygen

19
Q

Stroke

A

A rapid loss of brain function when blood supply to the brain is cut off
Usually as a result of one of the arteries linked to the brain being blocked by a blood clot

20
Q

Deep vein thrombosis

A

Formation of a blood clot in a vein inside the body

Can be caused by prolonged inactivity

21
Q

How does diet impact the risk of CVD

A

Diet high in saturated fat increases blood cholesterol levels which increases atheroma formations, leading to heart attack
High salt content leads to high blood pressure

22
Q

How does high blood pressure increase the risk of CVD

A

Increases risk of damage to artery walls, which increases risk of atheroma formation
Alcohol consumption, stress and diet all increase blood pressure

23
Q

How does smoking increase risk of CVD

A

Carbon monoxide combines with haemoglobin, reducing the amount of oxygen transported in the blood
Reduces the amount of oxygen available to the tissues
Nicotine makes platelets sticky, increasing chance of blood clots
Smoking decreases amount of antioxidants in the blood, so increased damage to artery walls and more atheroma formations

24
Q

How do genetics affect risk of CVD

A

Inherit particular alleles that make them more likely to have high blood pressure or high blood cholesterol

25
Q

How does age increase risk of CVD

A

Plaque builds up slowly overtime

26
Q

How does gender increase risk of CVD

A

Men are more likely to suffer with CVD

Low levels of oestrogen means that there are less HDLs which leads to high er levels of total blood cholesterol

27
Q

High density lipoproteins (HDLs)

A

High amount of protein and less cholesterol

Lowers cholesterol levels by transporting cholesterol from the body tissues to the liver where it is broken down

28
Q

Low density lipoproteins (LDLs)

A

Overload membrane receptors resulting in high blood cholesterol levels
LDL cholesterol are deposited in artery walls, forming atheromas

29
Q

Lipoproteins

A

Triglycerides combined with cholesterol and protein

Categorised into High and low density lipoproteins