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Baz: Semester 2 > Respiritory: Pulmonary Airways Disease > Flashcards

Respiritory: Pulmonary Airways Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is brochitis?

A
  • Inflammation of the the bronchi
  • Often viral can be bacterial
  • H influenzae
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2
Q

What is bronchitis called if it involves the larynx and trachea?

A

Laryngotracheobronchitis

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3
Q

What is Bronchiolitis?

A
  • Inflammation of the bronchioles
  • Usually in children
  • Tachypnoea and dyspnoea
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4
Q

Rare types of bronchiolitis?

A

Rare types
Follicular bronchiolitis
Bronchiolitis obliterans

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5
Q

3 types of localised airway obstruction?

A

Lesion outside the wall e.g. large lymph node
Lesion in the wall e.g. tumour
Lesion in the lumen e.g. foreign body

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6
Q

Which lung is more likely to get infected?

A

Right lung as the bronchus is more verticle so infections/irritants can get in easier

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7
Q

What is lipid pneumonia?

A

This is where lipid build up in the lungs, can be inhalation of lipids

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8
Q

When does obstructive airways diseases become diffusive?

A

When it affects many airways

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9
Q

Types of diffuse obstructive airways disease?

A

Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
Asthma
(Bronchiectasis)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD):
Spectrum of co-existence of chronic bronchitis and emphysema

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10
Q

What is the clinical defination of chronic bronchitis?

A

Cough and sputum for 3 months in 2 consecutive years

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11
Q

What other conditions can chronic bronchitis lead to?

A

Respiratory bronchiolitis (< 2mm diameter)
Can lead to centrilobular emphysema
Mucus hypersecretion:
* Mucous gland hypertrophy
Chronic bronchial inflammation:
* Squamous metaplasia, increased risk of malignancy

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12
Q

Definition of emphysema?

A

Irreversible dilatation of acinar spaces with destruction of walls

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13
Q

Classifications of emphysema

A
  • Centilobula
  • Panlobula
  • Paraceptal
  • Irregular

RB: respiratory bronchioles
A: Acinar

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14
Q

Feautures of centrilobular

A

Strongly associated with smoking
Seen in some with pneumoconiosis, particularly coal-workers
Most commonly in upper lobes
Respiratory bronchiolitis often present

RB: respiratory bronchioles
A: Acinar

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15
Q

Features of panlobular

A

Usually lower lobes
Lungs overdistended
Associated with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
Markedly accelerated in smokers with this disorder

RB: respiratory bronchioles
A: Acinar

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16
Q

Features of paraseptal

A

Paraseptal
Distension adjacent to pleural surfaces
May be associated with scarring aka fibrosis

RB: respiratory bronchioles
A: Acinar

17
Q

Features of irregular

A

Associated with scarring
Overlap with paraseptal emphysema

RB: respiratory bronchioles
A: Acinar

18
Q

Features of emphysema alone

A

Hyperventilation
Normal pO2, pCO2
‘Pink puffer’
Weight loss
Right ventricular failure

19
Q

Definition of COPD

A
  • A combination of the features of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
  • Typically assessed using pulmonary function tests e.g. FEV1/FVC < 0.7

FEV1 – forced expiratory volume in 1 second
FVC – forced vital capacity

20
Q

Why with emphysema do poeple appear pink and with chronic bronchitis blue?

A

Bronchitis - airway obstruction due to inflamation, leads to wheezing and cyanation due to lack of oxygen

Emphysema - airway collapse, leads to short fast breaths with pused lips in order to maintain pressure and keep airways open. Pressure leads to pink appearence

21
Q

5 types of asthma

A
22
Q

Atopic asthma

A
  • Associated with allergy
  • Triggered by a variety of factors
    Dust, pollen, house dust mite etc
  • Often associated with eczema and hay fever
  • Bronchoconstriction mediated by a type I hypersensitivity reaction
23
Q

What leads ot obstruction with asthma?

A
  • Bronchial obstruction with distal overinflation or collapse
  • Mucus plugging of bronchi
  • Bronchial inflammation
  • Mucous gland hypertrophy
  • Bronchial wall smooth muscle hypertrophy
  • Thickening of bronchial basement membranes
24
Q

Non-Atopic Asthma

A
  • Associated with recurrent infections
  • Not immunologically mediated
  • Skin testing negative
25
Q

Aspirin induced asthma

A
  • Associated with recurrent rhinitis, nasal polyps and urticaria
  • Mechanism of asthma unclear
26
Q

Occupational Asthma

A
  • Hypersensitivity to an inhaled antigen
  • May be non-specific in those with hyper-reactive airways
  • May be a specific allergic response
27
Q

Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis

A
  • Specific allergic response to the spores of Aspergillus fumigatus
  • Mixed type I and type III hypersensitivity reaction
  • Mucus plugs common
  • Associated with bronchiectasis
28
Q

Four factors the contribute to airway obstruction in asthma and the asscociated therepies

A
29
Q

What is Bronchiectasis?

A
  • Permanent dilatation of bronchi and bronchioles
  • Due to a combination of obstruction and inflammation (usually infection)
  • May be localised or diffuse, depending on cause
  • Historically seen in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis involving hilar lymph nodes
  • Classically associated with childhood infections, particularly measles and whooping cough
  • Diffuse bronchiectasis seen in patients with cystic fibrosis

Dialation means that cilia don’t work properly and mucous can’t move up and out of the airways

30
Q

What does parenchymal lung disease mean?

A

Parenchyma is any part of the lung involved in gas transfer

31
Q

What is ARDS?

A

Kind of like pulmonary odema.

But is caused from extreme damage to the alveola allowing the fluid to leak in.

32
Q

What is a granuloma and how does it relate to TB?

A

It is a collection of macrophages unable to kill off what they have injested so they stay there in an attempt to contain it.

This happens in TB

33
Q

Are fibrosing diseases of the lung (aka. silicosis) restrctive or obstructive?

A

Restrictive

Baz: Semester 2 (42 decks)

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