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baz: semester 2 > Anatomy Posistions, Memonics and Tricks > Flashcards

Anatomy Posistions, Memonics and Tricks Flashcards

1
Q

```

~~~

Trick to remember the positions of where the major vessels pass through the oesophagus

A

I ate 10 eggs at 12

Inferior vena cava: T8
Oesophagus: T10
Aorta: T12

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2
Q

Memonic for carpal bones

Which side do you start at and which side do you finish at?

A

Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can’t Handle

Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate

Start on the radial side, work your way across to pisiform, then back to radial for trapezium and finish on the ulna side with hamate

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3
Q

Radius and ulna, which way round?

A

Radius - lateral
Ulna - medial

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4
Q

Radius or ulna, which crosses over which on rotation of the hand?

Trick to remember?

A

Radius crosses over ulna

Remember “radius of a circle” “circles rotate”

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5
Q

Describe where the facial nerves originates, what does it do and what are the five branches?

A

It originates directly from the pons and passes out of the temporal bone just below the ear.

It controls the muscles of facial expression

Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Marginal mandibular
Cervical

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6
Q

Which nerve controls muscles of mastication?

A

The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

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7
Q

Which cranial nerve number is the facial?

A

VII

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8
Q

Which cranial nerve number is the trigemial?

A

V

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9
Q

Structures around the larynx

Describe the positioning of the cricothyroid cartialage, thyroid cartialage, thyroid membrane, hyoid bone, thyroid membrane

A

Thyroid membrane - between the thyroid cartialage and the hyoid bone

Cricothyroid membrane - between the thyroid cartialage and the cricothyroid cartialage

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10
Q

How to find the vagus nerve in the neck

A

It is between the carotid artery and internal jugular vein

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11
Q

Role of the platysma

A

Platysma

  • Depress mandible and angle of mouth
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12
Q

Role of the trapezius at the head and neck

A

Trapezius

  • Extend the head and neck
  • Movement of scapulae
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13
Q

Role of the Sternocleidomastoid

A

Sternocleidomastoid

  • Cervical rotation
  • Cervical flexion
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14
Q

Where does the vertebral artery branch from?

A

Left subclavian artery

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15
Q

External carotid artery

What does it supply?

What are it’s branches, in what order do they branch and what do they supply?

A

It supplies blood to the face, scalp and neck

  • Superior thyroid artery (supplies the neck)
  • Facial artery (supplies the face)
  • Maxillary artery (supplies deep face)
  • Superficial temporal artery (supplies the scalp)
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16
Q

What sits in front oesophagus or trachia?

A

Trachia

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17
Q

What are the meatus?

A

The channels betweent he chonchae

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18
Q

What are the two types of muscles that comprise the pharyngeal wall?
What do they do?

A
  1. Circular muscles (constrictors) (constrict the pharynx for the swallowing of food)
  2. Longitudinal muscles (shortening and widening the pharynx during swallowing, and elevation of the larynx during swallowing)
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19
Q

What movement occurs between the atlas and the occipital condyles?

A

Flexion / Extension – nodding your head (this is called the ‘yes joint’)

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20
Q

What movement occurs between the atlas and the axis?

A

Rotation – shaking your head (this is called the ‘no joint’)

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21
Q

At what vertebral level does the spinal cord end?

A

L1/L2

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22
Q

At what level is a lumbar puncture performed? Why?

A

Between L2 and L5 – this avoids hitting the spinal cord as it terminates before L2

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23
Q

What is the name of the opening in the skull from which the spinal cord emerges?

A

Foramen magnum

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24
Q

Labelling of the spinal nerves.

A

C1 is above C1

This goes all the way to C8 below C7.

Then they start below the corresponding vertebra e.g. T1 is below T1.

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25
Q

What is the pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater, filum terminale, cauda equina and conus medullaris?

A

Pia mater - inner casing of spinal chord and brain, directly surrounds the grey and white matter

Dura mater - outer casing of spinal cord and brain

Arachnoid mater - middle casing

Conus medullaris - the end of the spinal cord

Cauda equina - bundle of sacra nerves coming off the conus medullaris

Filum terminale - a fibrous strand anchoring the spinal cord to the coccyx

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26
Q

Layers of the meninges?

A

From inside to out:

Pia mater

Arachnoid mater

Dura mater

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27
Q

Memonic for tarsals

A

Tiger Club Needs MILC

The three cuneforms are in uniform

Talus
Calcaneous
Navicular
Medial cuneform
Intermediate cuneform
Lateral cuneform
Cuboid

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28
Q

How to tell whether a patella is right or left?

A

The larger facet is on the
lateral side, which the smaller one is on the medial side

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29
Q

Extracapsular ligaments of the hip, how to work out which is which?

A

They are named based on which part of the pelvis they attach to

Ilialfemoral ligament (superior and inferior bands)

Ishialfemoral ligament

Pubofemoral ligament

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30
Q

Semi-membranosus and semi-tendenosus

Which is above and below the other

A

T90 is superior to Memb

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31
Q

Purpose of the popliteus muscle?

A

Unlocking the
knee requires muscular input. This is provided by the popliteus muscle, which is located posterior
to the knee joint, passing its tendon laterally to insert on the lateral epicondyle of the femur.

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32
Q

What is the action of the trapezius at the shoulder?

A

Trapezius

Elevation, depression and rotation of scapula

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33
Q

What is the action of the pectoralis major at the shoulder?

A

Pectoralis Major

Flexion and adduction of shoulder

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34
Q

What is the action of the biceps brachii at the shoulder?

A

Biceps brachii

Flexion of shoulder

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35
Q

What is the action of the triceps brachii at the shoulder?

A

Triceps brachii

Extension of shoulder

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37
Q

What is the action of the deltoid at the shoulder?

A

Deltoid

Flexion, extension, and abduction of shoulder

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38
Q

Rotator cuff muscles: origin, insertion and function

A

Supraspinatus

origin: Supraspinous fossa
insertion: greater tuberosity
function: Abduction

Infraspinatus
Origin: Infraspinous fossa
Insetion: greater tuberosity
Function: Lateral rotation

Teres minor
Origin: Lateral border of scapula
Insertion: greater tuberosity
Funtion: Lateral rotation

Subscapularis
Origin: Subscapular fossa
Insetion: Lesser tuberosity
Function: Medial rotation

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39
Q

Three ligaments around the elbow joint?

A

Medial/ulnar collateral ligament Lateral/radial collateral ligament Annular ligament

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40
Q

Function fo the annular ligament?

A

To hold the radial and ulner together

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41
Q

Structures that help support the shoulder joint?

A

Glenohumeral ligaments
Coracohumeral ligaments
Transverse humeral ligaments
Coracoacromial ligament
Glenoid labrum
Joint capsule

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42
Q

Supinators?

A

Supinators: Biceps brachii
Supinator

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43
Q

Pronators?

A

Pronators: Pronator teres
Pronator quadratus

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44
Q

How many tendons pass through the carpal tunnel?

A

9
* 4 from flexor digitorum superficialis
- 4 from flexor digitorum profundus
- 1 from flexor pollicis longus

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45
Q

Nerve that passes through the carpal tunnel?

A

Median nerve

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46
Q

5 compartments of the hand and where they are?

A

Central Compartment (containing Long Flexor Tendons, Lumbrical muscles, Median Nerve
Hypothenar Compartment
Thenar Compartment
Adductor Compartment
Interosseous compartment

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47
Q

When does the subclavian artery become the auxillary?

A

After the lateral border of the first rib

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48
Q

At what point does the auxillary artery become the brachial artery?

A

At the inferior border of teres major

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49
Q

Branches of the popliteal artery, describe where they go?

A

Anterior tibial (becomes dorsalis pedis)
Posterior tibial
Fibular (branches off the posterior tibial)

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50
Q

3 major nerves of the lower limb

A

Sciatic, Femoral and Obturator

51
Q

What does the femoral nerve innervate

A

The anterior compartment of the thigh

52
Q

What does the obturator nerve innervate?

A

The medial compartment of the thigh (adductors and gracalis)

53
Q

What does the sciatic nerve innervate?

A

Posterior compartment of thigh (biceps femorus, semimenranosus and semitendenosus)

Leg

Foot

54
Q

Sciatic nerve branches, where do they go and what do they innervate?

A

Tibial - posterior leg superficial (gastrocnemius, soleus and popliteus), posterior leg deep (flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallicus longus, tibialis posterior) then tarsal tunnel and skin and muscles of sole of foot

Common fibular into deep and superficial

Superficial fibular - anterior compartment (fibularus longus and brevis) and skin of the dorsal foot

Deep fibular - tibialas anterior, flexor digitorum longus, extensor digitorum brevis

55
Q

Dematones of hand

A
56
Q

Where are the piriformis and obturator internus/ externus

A
57
Q

What muscles make up the pelvic floor?

A

Levator anii and coccygeus

58
Q

What is the broad ligament?

A

This contains all the blood vessels branching off the ovarianand uterine arteries to supply blood to the overies, fallopian tubes and uterus

59
Q

What is the suspensory and overarian ligaments?

A

The suspensory ligament secures the overies tot he lateral pelvic wall

The ovarian ligament secures the overies to the uterus

60
Q

Difference between the ovarian artery and the vaginal and uterine artery?

A

Ovarian (gonadal) comes form the obdominal aorta

The vaginal and uterine arteries come from the internal iliac

61
Q

Main nerve of the perineum?

A

Pudendal

62
Q

Identify these parts of the male urethra

A
63
Q

What vertebra do the gonadal arteries emerge from the aorta?

A

L2

64
Q

WHat does pudendal mean?

A

Relating to the perineum - pudendal artery, pudendal nerve etc.

65
Q

What is the muscle at the posterior of the trachea?

A

The trachealis muscle found in the posterior wall allows the trachea to contract and decrease its diameter. This muscle is vital for coughing, getting rid of secretions, foreign particles, saliva, or food.

66
Q

Which ribs are considered true ribs, floating ribs and false ribs?

A

Ribs 1 – 7 (‘true ribs’) articulate directly with the sternum via their costal cartilage.
Ribs 8 – 10 (‘false ribs’) articulate indirectly via the costal cartilage of its superior rib.
Ribs 11 and 12 (‘floating ribs) do not articulate with the sternum.

67
Q

Features of the first rib

Which way around are the grooves for the artery and vein?

A
68
Q

Atypical ribs

A

1,2,10,11,12

69
Q

Which ribs articulate with the sternum at the sternal angle?

A

2nd ribs

70
Q

Which vertebral level is indicated by the sternal angle?

A

T4/T5

71
Q

Where does the head of a rib articulate to the vertebrae?

A

At the superior costal facet of it’s corresponding vertebrae

At the inferior costal facet of the vertebrae above

72
Q

What does the tubercle of the rib articulate with?

A

The tranverse articular facet

73
Q

What are the superior/inferior thoracic apertures

A
74
Q

What is the central tendon and the crura of the diaphram?

A
75
Q

Blood supply to the diaphragm

5 different arteries, where are they and where do they come from?

A

pericardiacophrenic (posteriorly) and internal thoracic (anteriorly) come from the subclavian

Inferior branch from the abdominal aorta inferiorly to the aortic hiatus

Superior from the abdominal aorta superiorly to the aortic hiatus

Musculophrenic from the internal thoracic (but inferiorly to diaphragm)

76
Q

How to find the phrenic nerve

A

It travels alongside the pericardiacophrenic arteries

77
Q

How to remember the direction of internal/external intercostal fibres?

A

Hands in pockets

78
Q

Innermost intercostal? Where do they lie and what is the fibre direction?

A

Same orientation as innermost

Lies deep to neurovascular bundle. Neurovascular bundle is inbetween the internal and innermost intercostal muscles

79
Q

Which muscles can be considered accessory respiration muscles?

A

Pectoralis major
Scalenus anterior
Serratus anterior
Sternocleidomastoid

80
Q

Where do the scalenus muscles sit?

A

That is the anterior (insertion on first rib)

Posterior just behind

81
Q

When is something a tubercle, tuberosity or trochanter

A

Humerus: tuberosity
Femur: trochanter
Tubercle: everywhere else

82
Q

What bones make up the nasal concha?

A

Inferior nasal concha - inferior concha

Ethmoid - middle and superior

83
Q

What features of the nasal mucosal lining enable it to warm and humidify the inhaled air?

A

It is highly vascularised (warming) and secrets mucus (humidifying)

84
Q

Match the sinuses to their openings

A

Sphenoid sinus : Sphenoethmoidal recess

Maxillary sinus : Floor of the Semilunar hiatus

Ethmoid air cells : Many holes on the roof of the nasal cavity

Frontal sinus : Frontonasal sinus

85
Q

What structure forms the boundary between the naso- and oro-pharynx?

A

The soft palate

86
Q

What structures form the boundary between the oro- and laryngo-pharynx?

A

The upper margin of the epiglottis

87
Q

What is the anterior boundary of the nasopharynx?

A

The posterior nares of the nasal cavity

88
Q

What tube opens on the lateral wall of the nasopharynx?

A

Eustachian tube

Connects nasopharynx to ear canal, popping you ears is this tube opening and equalising pressure

When you get the escalator down at Euston Tube Station you have to pop your ears

89
Q

What are the four different tonsils?

A
90
Q

Pharyngeal constrictor muscles

A
91
Q

What are the four cartialages of the larynx and where do you find them?

A

Thyroid cartialage
Cricoid
Epiglotus
Arytenoids

92
Q

The recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of which cranial nerve?

A

Vagus nerve

93
Q

Around which structure does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve loop?

A

Right subclavian artery

94
Q

Around which structure does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve loop?

A

Aortic arch

95
Q

What’s the evolutionary fail nerve called?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

96
Q

Difference between the vocal chords and the vestibular folds?

A

The vocal cords pass from the posterior aspect of the thyroid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilages above the cricoid lamina.

The vestibular fold is located superior to the vocal cords.

97
Q

What is the auricle of the heart?

A
98
Q

What are papillary muscles and chordae tendineae?

A

The chordae tendineae attach to the mitral and tricuspid valves and on the other side are held by muscles called papillary muscles.

The purpose is to prevent prolapse of the valves during systole

99
Q

Layers of the pericardium

A
100
Q

What is the sympathetic chain?

A

Bundles of sympathetic nerves, they run down the vertebra

101
Q

Which major vessels give rise to the posterior intercostal arteries, the anterior intercostal arteries and the internal thoracic artery?

A
102
Q

Path of the thoracic duct, what is the name of the node where it begins? Where does it drain into? At which point does it pass through the diaphram?

A

Originates formt he cisterna chyli

Drains into the subclavian vien

103
Q

At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into the right and left iliac arteries

A

L4

104
Q

Which vein does the left gonadal vein drain blood into?

Which vein does the right gonadal vein drain blood into?

A

Left gonadal : Left Renal Vein
Right gonadal : Inferior Vena Cava

The right goes into the vena cava because the vena cava is on the right

105
Q

What region of the gut tube does the superior mesenteric artery supply?

What region of the gut tube does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?

At what vertebral level do these branches arise?

A

What region of the gut tube does the superior mesenteric artery supply?
- Midgut (distal duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ceacum, ascending colon, ½ transverse colon)

What region of the gut tube does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?
- Hindgut (1/2 transverse colon, decending colon, sigmoid colon, superior portion of rectum).

At what vertebral level do these branches arise? SMA: L1; IMA: L3

106
Q

Where are the portal-caval anastomosies?

What is the consequence of the portal vein getting blocked?

A

Varicoses at the anus, oesophagus, peri-umbilical

107
Q

Surface anatomy:

What does the sternal angle indicate?

A

Bifercation of the trachia

Beginning/ end of the arch of the aorta

Entry of azygos vien into SVC

Separation of superior/inferior mediastina

108
Q

Where does the thoracic aorta become the abdominal aorta?

A

T12 (when it passes through the oesophagus)

109
Q

Three parts of the auxillary artery? Where do they start and end?

A

The three parts of the axillary artery are:
* the first part, between the lateral border of the first rib and the medial margin of pectoralis minor;
* the second part lies deep to pectoralis minor;
* the third part lies between the lateral margin of pectoralis minor and the termination of the axilla at the inferior border of teres major.

Basically just remember that the middle part passes deep to pectoralis minor

110
Q

What separates the ulner and radial arteries at bifurcation?

Which runs deep to this muscle?

A

Pronator terres

Ulner runs deep to pronator terres

111
Q

Both the radial and ulner contribute tot he palmar arches, but which one dominates which arch?

A

Radial - deep

Ulner - superficial

Radioactive material is buried deep under the ground

112
Q

A single major branch of the internal iliac artery will also provide blood supply to the muscles of the thigh. What is the name of this vessel, and where does it provide blood supply?

A

obturator artery, which provides some blood to the medial compartment of the thigh.

113
Q

First major branch of the femoral artery?

What is it’s purpose?

A

The profunda femoris provides blood to the femur and the posterior and medial thigh.

114
Q

Tom Dick And Very Nervous Harry

A
115
Q

Identify these structures of an overy

A
116
Q

Identify these structures of the uterus

A
117
Q

Identify these structures of the testes

A
118
Q

Identify these structures of the respiratory epithelium?

A
119
Q

Identify these structures of the trachia

A
120
Q

Indentify these structures in the brochus

A
121
Q

Identify these structures in the bronchiole

A
122
Q

Identify these structures in an artery and vein?

What are the main differences between an artery and vien

A

baz: semester 2 (42 decks)

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