Respiritory Flashcards
COPD definition
A progressive obstructive disease characterised by persistent airflow limitation and often caused by smoking.
COPD epidemiology
- Elderly (>45)
- Smokers
- Males
- CV disease, cancer, renal failure, DM, weight loss, depression, anxiety
- Chronic bronchitis - long term inflammation of the bronchi, often leads to reoccurring lung infections.
Emohysema enlarged airspaes distal to terminal bronchioles with dstruuction of alveolar walls
COPD risk factor
- Tobacco smoking
- Over 45
- Air pollution
- Dust, coal, cotton, cement and grain exposure occupationally
Alpha 1 trypsin deficiency
COPD path
- Poos VQ match
- Low PaO2
- Obliteration and vasoconstriction
- The central receptors start to rely on O2 not CO2 for respiratory drive leading to a reduced reps rate if oxygen is given
- COPD is a combenatino of emphysema and bronchitits
- Emphysema - loss of alveolar integrit die to imbalcne of protease inhibitors triggerd by chronic inflamaiton
- Bronchitis - increased mucus secreion secondary to cillary dysfunction cauing parenchymal destircution and imparied exchange
- The FVC is loweres, the FEV1 is massivly lowers and the FEV1:FVC is lowerd
Here is VQ mismatch due to mucus plugging the smaller airways and the closure of airways due to emphysema, this leads to PaO2 decreass and incerased resp rate.
COPD signs
- Tachycarida
- Barrel chest
- Hyperresonance/percussion
- Quiet breath sounds and wheeze
- Pursing of lips on expirarion
- Cyanosis
- Tar staining of fingers
- Loss of cardiac dullness
- Downwards displacement of liver due to hyperexmapnsion of lung s
- Dyspnea, wheeze cough
- Pyrexia
Cor pulmonale -peripheral oedema
COPD symtpms
- Dyspnea
- Productive cough
- Wheeze
- Chest tightness
- Weight loss
- Co2 retention causing drowsiness, asterixis and confusion
COPD test
- Clinical presentation if they are over 35, smoker and have 1 or more symptom, diagnose
- Spirometry FEV1/FVC<0.7, this is not improved by use of a bronchodilator
- Chest x-ray- flattened diaphragm, hyperinflation and bullae (emphysematous space >1cm
- FBC - COPD can result in secondary polycythaemia or eosinophilia might be present
- BMI as a baseline to later asses for cancer, or weight gain due to steroids
Classifications:
* GOLD - severity of obstruction classification based on what % of the FEV1 they fulfil compared to the predicted. There are 4 stages going from mild to very severe. Mild is >80 % and very severe is <30%
COPD differential
- Asbestososis
- Lung cancer
- Pulmonary empbolsim
- Asthma
Heart failure
COPD tx
- Smoking cessation - nicotine replacement, bupropion and varenicline
- Pulmonary rehabilitation
- Vaccinations - one off pneumococcal and annual influenza
- Good diet and obesity
- Bronchodilators - SABA (salbutamol) SAMA (short acting muscarinic antagonist - ipratropium) LABA (long acting beta agonis - salmeterol) LAMA (tiotropium)
- Combination of beta-2-agonists and an anticholinergic inhaler
- ICS - inhaled corticosteroid
- Gold group A (>80%) - SABA or LABA
- B (50-79%) - LABA or LAMA
- C (230-49%) - LAMA
- D (<30%) - LAMA or LABA+LAMA or LABA +ICS
- If dyspnoea persists keep adding until its LABA +ICS + LAMA
- Nebulisers
- Theophylline - bronchodilation
- Oral mucolytic therapy - to break down sputum
- Prophylactic antibiotic - azithromycin
- Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors - decreases airway inflamation
- Oxygen therapy
- For cor pulmonale - furosemide and long term oxygen therapy
COPD complications
- Pnumothorx - due to bulla formaiton
- Cor pulmonale
- Pulmonary hypertension (chroinc hypoxia leading to vasoconstrition)
#infections
COPD exacubation what is it
- An exacerbation is an acute worsening of symptoms such as cough, SOB, sputum production and wheeze
- Caused by infection or hear failure or pulmonary embolism or medication such as beta blockers
- Treat with prednisolone, antibiotics, physiotherapy for the sputum
- Doxapram can be used as a respiratory stimulent
- Intubation and ventilation in severre cases
Asthma deinition
- Chronic inflammatory airway disease caused by airway obstruction and hypersensitivity
- Commonly starts between 3-5 and peak prevalence is 5-15
Asthma epidemiology
- ATOPY - eczema, rhinitis, allergy
- Family history
- Allergens
- Viral upper resp tract
Cold weather exercise, medications (BB and aspirin)
Asthma path
- Excessive reaction from Th2 cells
- Allergens are environmental tiggers such as cigarette smoke and are presented by dendritic cells which produces cytokines
- This causes IgE antiboy production and stimulates histamine production as well as leukotrienes and prostaglandins
- This causes the smooth muscle to spasm and increased mucus secretion
- There is increased vascular permeability to allow more WBCs in
- Over the years there is thickening of epithelial basement membrane which permanently reduces airway diameter
- Genetic and environmental factors causes of asthma
- Genetic susceptibility predisposed patients to hyperresponsiveness, such as virlal infections, allergises, cold and exercise
Asthma sign
- Diurnal peak expiratory flow rate - worse at night and early morning
- Dyspnoea and expiratory wheeze
Samters triad - nasal polyps, Aspin insensitivity, asthma
Asthma symptoms
- Episodic SOB
- Dry cough
- Wheeze and chest tightness
- Sputum
History of exposure to a trigger
Asthma test
1st line test
- Fractional exhaled nitic oxide - >50ppb is positive in adults
- Spirometry - FEV1/FVC <70 if obstruction.
- If positive Bronchodilator reversibility should be carried out - this is an improvement of FEV1 by >125 and increase in >200ml in volume post bronchodilator
Asthma treatmetn
Treatment
- Step one - SABA
- Step 2 (if patient is not controlled on 1 or has symptoms >3x weekly/night waking) SABA + low dose ICS
- Step 3 - SABA +low dose ICS + LTRA (leukotriene receptor antagonist (Montelukast))
- MART - maintenance and reliver therapy s a combined fast acting LABA and ICE for symptomatic relief and maintenance in a single inhaler
- Yealy flu jab
- Avoid smoking
- Exercise
Asthma complications
Complications
- Exacerbations - triggered by a urti/pneumonia
- Pneumothorax
- Oral thrush - steroid medication
TB definition
Definition
Granulomatous disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
TB RF
Risk Factors
- Contact with people with active TB
- Homelessness
- Alcohol/drug abuse
- Immunocompromised
- Silicosis - impaired macrophage functions
TB path
Pathophysiology
- Macrophages find it harder to clear M tuberculosis because of its mycolic acid capsule wihc offers protection
- TB bacteria are slow dividing and have high oxygen demands
- It is spread in respiratory droplets from patients with active disease and can remain asymotomatic in immunocompromised patient s(latent)
- In immunocompraminsed patines it can reactivate and become secondary, then spread and become miliary
- Primary - focal causeating granuloma typically forming in the lower lobe (a ghons focus). This si atype 4 hypersensitivity reactions. A ghon complex will hold the infection untill a patainet become immunocompramised
- Latent - patinet remains asymptomatic and causes negative sputum tests put a positive Mantoux test
- Secondary - immunocompramised patinet may develop secondary TB when latent TB reactivates resulting in clinical features such as haemoptysis and fever. Patines are infection snad this normally occus in the apex where pO2 is the highest
- Miliary - lymphohematogenous spread to multiple organs - heart lungs, spleen, liver, bone marrow.
TB signs and symptoms
Signs
- Auscultations MAY produce crackles
- Clubbing if long standing
Symptoms
- Cough
- Haemoptysis
- Fever
- Legarthy
- Weight loss
- Night sweats
- Lymphadenopathy
- TB meninigitis
- Pericardial TB
- Pain and swelling of the joints
- Adrenals - causing addisons
- Potts diseases - infections diseases of the spine
- Hepatitis
- Ascities and malabsorption
- TB epididymis dysuria, haematuria, frequency
Generally unwell !!!!
TB test
1st line test
- Latent - Mantoux screening where purafied protine derivative (PPD) of TB is injected into the skin and an inspection is taken 48-72 hours later to see if there is a raised bump. If there is then the person has had the vaccine or has latent TB
- Latent - interferon- gamma release assay. Blood sample mixed with antigent form TB, if the WBC hava been previously exposed they will release interferon gamma. This si more sensitive than the mantoux test.
- Active - chest x ray - patchy consolidation, pleural effusion, latent disease may show Ghon complex
- Active - deep sputum samples - zheil nelson posiitve. Bronchoscopy with lavage
- Acitve - nucelic acid amplification test - rapid diagnostic test conducted on sputum/urine