Haeotololology Flashcards
what is heprain induced thrombocytopenia and what heparin cuases it more
serious complication of taking the blood thinner heparin. With HIT, your immune system causes your platelets to clot in the presence of heparin, resulting in your platelet levels dropping.
it is caused more by unfractioned heparin
FE deficancy aneamia causes
Low iron diet
blood loss
Heavy periods- (menorrhagia)
GI bleeding
Hookworm
Malabsorption (celiac disease)
Pregnancy
Breastfeeding
FE deficancy aneamia key presintations
Brittle hair and nails
Atrophic glossitis (tongue inflammation and atrophy f papillea)
Spoon shaped nails
Inflammations of corners of the mouth
FE deficancy aneamia tests
FBC (microcytic)
Blood film
Serum ferratin - low
Reticulocyte count - reduced
Endoscopy/colonoscopy looking for GI bleed
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FE deficancy aneamia manegemtne
Ferrous sulphate (oral iron tablets)
Ferrous fumarate
Alpha thalassemia aneamia defornition
Genetic anaemias caused by mutations which leads ot diffomed alpha chains
Alpha thalassemia aneamia epidemiology
South east asiea, africa, middle east. - provides some protection against malaria
Alpha thalassemia aneamia different types
- Gene deletion
- Level 1: silent carrier- the blood cells are smaller than normal but no disease
- 2: Trait - genes are missing and there is mild anaemia
- 3: HbH disease- genes missing, moderate to severe anaemia, blood transfusion are needed and also folic acid supplementation. Iron chelation therapy removes the excess iron from the blood.
- 4: HbH more severe. All 4 genes are missing and the feuotis will die before birth
Alpha thalassemia aneamia key presintations
Hepatosplenomegaly
Family history
Symptoms of aneamia
People with both types of thalasseamia often end up with too much iron because there is increased gastorintesitinal absorption driven by the ineffective erethropoiess. This means there is too much iron and often atking iron tables
Alpha thalassemia aneamia tests
- Haemoglobin
- MCV
- Mean corpuscular haemoglobin
- Blood smear - shows stargert cells which are scrunched up red blood cells
- Hemoglobulin electrophoresis - lab test to label haemoglobin types present
Genetic testing
Alpha thalassemia aneamia manegement
Mild - don’t need treatment
Severe:
* blood transfusions
* Iron chelation therapy
* folic acid supplements
* Spelenectomy
There is also genetic screening available for pregnact women
beta thalassemia aneamia defornition
Genetic mutations leading to beta chain mutations. Not present in foetuses as they have gamma chains not beta!!!
beta thalassemia aneamia epidemiology
mediteranian
beta thalassemia aneamia types
- Minor - there have a mutation which is only on 1 which leads to reduced or no beta chain. Asymptomatic.
- Intermedia - 2 mutations which code for reduced beta globin chain synthesis. Symptomatic form 3-6 mnsths of life as the gamma chainss are replaced by the beta ones.
Major - 2 mutted genes which leads to no beta chain synthesus
beta thalassemia aneamia symptoms
Intermediate- major:
Jaundice
Swollen abdomen
Aneamia smptoms
Growth retardation
Major:
Chipmunk facies
beta thalassemia aneamia tests
Hemoglobin
Low MCV
Heamoglobin electrophoresis ill show changes in the beta chain
beta thalassemia aneamia treatment
Intermedia:
Potentially transfusion
Iron monitering incase they become aneamic
Cheliation due to them becoming iron overloaded
Genetic counselling
Splenectomy
Stem cell transplantation
MAJOR:
* Regular transfusions
* Iron chelation
* Genetic counselling
* Spelenoctomy
Stem ell transplant
beta thalassemia aneamia complications
Arrhythmias
Pericarditis
Cirrhosis hypothyroidism
Diabetes mellitus
Sideroblastic aneamia defornition
The body has enough iron but is unable to make it into haemoglobin, causing aneaia and a build up of iron in the system
Sideroblastic aneamia causes
Genetic
Idiopathic
Exposure to alcohol led and drugs
Sideroblastic aneamia key presintations
Aneamia
Enlarged spleen and liver
Abnormal heart rhythem
Sideroblastic aneamia manegeeemtn
Blood transfusions
Vitamin B6 = pyridoxine
Iron chelation - deferoxamine
sickle cell aneamia defornition
Autosomal recessive condition. There is a point mutation in the B globulin gene which results in HbS protein. It produces destruction of blood cells and obstruction of microcirculation leading to tissue infarction.
sickle cell aneamia key presintations
- Acute pain in hands and feet
- Jaundice
- Aneamia
- Acute chest syndrome
- Patiens don’t always have aneamia as they can produce the noraml red blood cells as well, however ethis can change is the spleen get overly cloged up, or there is BM aplasia and the precursors die,