ILA Flashcards
what are teh 9 steps of plaque formation
- Endothelial cell dysfunction
- There are high levels of ldl in the blood which begin to accumulate in the wall
- This inflames the wall and causes leukocytes to be attracted and macrophages and t helper cells
- Macrophages take up the ldls and from foam cells
- There is then a fatty streak formed in the intimal layer
- The macrophages release cytokins and growth factor
- Smooth muscle fgrows over the top
- Collage grows over the top of this
The olaque will eitehr then occlude the lumer (causing angina) or rupture an the clotting process will begi
what are the layers of teh arteries and arterioles
- Lumen, endothelium, basement membrane, intima, internal elastic lamina, media, external elastic lamina, adventitia
arterioles have less than 3 muscle layers
what are 5 modifiable and 5 non modiafiabe risk factors for atherlosclarosis
non - age, gener, race, family history, diabeites 1
mod - smokeing, excercise, weight, BMI, hypertenstion, high cholesterol
what are the components of a plaque
foam cells, cholesterol, macrophages, t lymhphocytes, collagen, smooth muscle cells
define anaphalaxysis
an axute allergic reaction to an antigen whihc thebody has become hypersenstive too
what are teh 4 hypersensitivity reactions
1 - allergic, IgE, anaphalaxysis
2 - M and G, its immune disrders where it attack own tissue, heamolytic aneamia or goodpastures syndrome
3 - G, antigen antibody immune complexes, immune complees get depositied in tissues wihc leads to inflamation
4 - delayed type, cuase by T cells gathering rouund and forming granulomas
what is teh pathohpysiology and some symptoms of anaphalxysis
symptoms - vasodilation, increased vascular permiability, urticaria, oedema, broncoconstriction, NandV, wheeze, dyspnea
pathophysiology - the second tme you are exposed to teh antigen there is a release of hittamine ttha cases a shock wand low blood pressure and airway narrowing
what is teh blood test for anaohalyxysis
serum mast tryptase - its a marker released by mast cells going through degranulation. They peak 1 hour after allergic reaction and tehn eh baseline can be easures again24 hours later at an allergy clinic
what is teh treatment for anaphalytic shock
remove trigger
lay them flat and raise the legs
give epinephrein (500ml of 0.5mg)
give high flow oxygen
put on monitering equpment such as ECG
repeat IM adrenaline after 5 mins if no improvement
what are some allerges for anaphalxysis
food, general anesthetic, drigs, insect stings
define prevelance and incidence
prevalence = the number of cases of a disease in a specific population at a particular timepoint or over a specified period of time.
incidence - a measure of the probability of occurrence of a given medical condition in a population within a specified period of time.
defien pharmacodynamics
- Pharmacodynamis - what the drug does to the body (receptor binding, post receptor effect)
define pharmacokinetics
ADME
Pharmacokinetics - what the body does to the drug (metabolism, distrabution, excretion)
what is protien binding and free concentrtion of a drug
- Free concentration of a drug - the concentration of a the drug not bound toproteinss and free moving around
Binding protien - lowers the free conc of drug (this refers to the plasma protiens such as albumin and is genrally considerd a bad thing!)
bioavailability defornition and applicaiton
bioavailability - the availability of a drug to be absorbed and used by th body
it means taht some drug - enteral pathways - wont be as available as IM or IV
