ICS - Pathology Flashcards
Define inflamation
a local physiological response to tissue injury
give a benefit and negative of inflamation
+destroys microorganisms, can stop teh spread of infection
-it can produce disease and leade to distorted tissues
define exudate
a protien rich fluid tha leaks out of vessel walls
what do neutrophils do
phagocytose debris and bacteria, they contain enzymose in lysosomes. they are the first to arrive at the sight of infection
what do fibroblasts do
produce connective tissue
how long do macrophages, lymphocytes and then neuropills live for
Macrophages - montsh to years
neurotphils - 2-3 days
lymphocytes - years
what do macrophages do
phagocytosis, and transport material to teh lymph nodes and cause a secondary immune reaction
what are three specalised macrophages
kuppffer cells in liver
osteoclasts in bone
microglial in breain
what are lymphocytes
produce chemicals whihc crontrol inflamaion and antibodies, they also have memory cells
what is the sequance of inflamation
injury/infection
neutrophills arrive and phagocytose
macrophages arrive and phagocytose
resolution or progression to chronic
what are examples of acute (neutrophil mediated) inflamation
microbial infections - bactera and viruses
hypersensitivity reactions parasites
physical agents - trauma, heat, cold (frostbite)
chemicals - corrosives and acids
bacterail toxis
tissue necrosis - ischemic
what is a granuloma
are collections of macrophges surronded by lymphocytes seen in chronic inflamation
when can granulomas be found
myobacterial infection like TB or leprosy
how does chronic inflamation work
few neutrophils, macrophagesm lymphocytes and then fibroblasts, often scar tissue formed
what is resolution
everything goinf back to normal and te tissue fully regenerating
what is repair
the initiating factor is still present and teh tissue cant regenerate, it is teh repplacement of damaged tissues by fiberous tissues
what is fibrosis
teh thickening and scarring of tissues
name 5 cells that regenerate
hepatocytes, pneumocytes, blood cells, gut epithelium, skin epithelium, osteocytes
what are teh two types of autopsy
hospitlal - medical certification and used for teaching and research
medicolegal - 90% of autopsies, sorted into coronial and fronnsic. conronical means death is not due to unlawful action
what is teh role of the coronial autopsy
who dies, when, where, how did their deat come about
when are 3 times deaths reffered to the coroner
natureal - its uncertain how they dies and they havent seen a doctor within 14 days
iantrogenic - caused by medical miustreatent such as illigal abortions and anastheic deaths
unatural - accidents, industrial deaths, suicide, murder
who refeerres to teh coroner
doctors, registrar of birth and death, poilce, relatives
who perfoerms autopsies?
histophalologists - hospital, coronial, natural deaths and accidents
forensic pathologists - homicide and neglect
what are the three main stages of autopsy
external, evisceration (y shaped inscision t exaine organs and brain) internal examination (heart and vessles, lungs, liver spleen, CNS<, endocrine)