Respiratory Tract

Question 1

Function of the nose

Answer 1

Air drawn in where it is warmed, moistened and filtered.

Question 2

Function of the pharynx

3

Answer 2

Passage for air and food.
Resonating chamber for speech and sound.
Tonsils which participate in immunoglobulin reactions against foreign bodies.

Question 3

How long is the pharynx and where does it extend down to

Answer 3

13cm long.

Extends down to cricoid cartilage of larynx.

Question 4

Function of the larynx. 5

Answer 4

1. Production of sound
2. Speech
3. Protection of lower respiratory tract when swallowing.
4. Passageway for air from pharynx to trachea.
5. Continues to humidify, filter and warm inspired air.

Question 5

State the location of the larynx

Answer 5

Midline of neck anterior to 4-6th cervical vertebrae.

Question 6

Function of the epiglottis and location 2

Answer 6

1. Top of larynx

2. Open for breathing, shut for swallowing by upward movement of larynx.

Question 7

What is the Function of the trachea. 4

Answer 7

Support and patency. Mucociliary escalator. Cough reflex. Warming, humidifying, filtering air.

Question 8

What is the structure of trachea.

Answer 8

16-20 incomplete c shaped rings of cartilage laying ontop of each other. Incomplete part of c faces oesophagus.
Outer elastic and fibrous. Middle cartilages and smooth muscle. Inner lined with ciliated columnar epithelium containing goblet cells

Question 9

What is the Structure of bronchi. 2

Answer 9

Rigid and patent

Question 10

What is the Function of bronchi

Answer 10

Carry air from trachea into lungs

Question 11

What is the Structure of bronchioles

Answer 11

Flexible

Question 12

What is the Function of bronchioles

Answer 12

Carry o2 to alveoli

Question 13

What is the Structure of lungs

Answer 13

Come shaped spongy organs situated either side of the mediastinum within the thoracic cavity

Question 14

Where is the parietal layer of the lungs? And what is the covering of the lung known as? What is the between of the layers known as?

Answer 14

Inside layer (thoracic cage) parietal pleura (outside attached to rib cage). Covering of lung (visceral pleura). Between two layers in health potential space (pleural space)

Question 15

Function of lungs 2

Answer 15

Bring o2 into body and remove co2

Question 16

Function of pleura

Answer 16

Prevents friction between the membranes allowing them to slide over each other

Question 17

Structure of pleura 4.

Answer 17

1. Serous membrane surrounding lungs.
2. Closed sac forming an inner and outer layer.
3. Visceral pleura firmly attached to surface of lungs composed of a deep layer of serous membrane.
4. Parietal layer outer layer of serous pleural membrane that encloses and protects each lung. Lines wall of thoracic cavity.

Question 18

Function of serous fluid

Answer 18

Prevents friction between membranes during breathing.

Question 19

Structure of serous fluid

Answer 19

Lubricating fluid

Question 20

Where is the pleural cavity

Answer 20

The space between the parietal and visceral pleura contains serous fluid

Question 21

Describe the mechanism of ventilation 2

Answer 21

gases are exchanged between atmosphere and alveolus. Pressure inside alveoli with respect to atmosphere is changed by changes in the size of the lungs.

Question 22

How does lung volume change in mechanism of ventilation? 5

Answer 22

1. Diaphragm is the sheet of muscle that separates thoracic from abdominal cavity.
2. Dome shaped in relaxed form.
3. When it contracts it flattens, thoracic cavity increased resulting in less pressure.
4. Diaphragmatic activity is responsible for 75% of air entry.
5. Inspiration in initiated by phrenic nerve originating in c3-5

Question 23

What happens during inspiration? 3.

Answer 23

1. Alterations in shape of rib cage.
2. Intercostals pull rib cage outwards and upwards.
3. Further Increase in volume of thoracic cavity takes place under influence of external intercostals

Question 24

Structure of the nose

Answer 24

Made up of hyaline cartilage

Question 25

What does the larynx house? 5

Answer 25

3 single cartilages (thyroid, epiglottis, cricoid) and 3 paired cartilages (arytenoid, cuneiform, corniculate)

Question 26

How long is the trachea and what is its diameter

Answer 26

12cm long 2.5cm in diameter.

Question 27

What is the location of the trachea

Answer 27

From larynx to 5th thoracic vertebrae.