Respiratory System2 Flashcards
What is the nose made up of?
Hyaline cartilage
How many tonsils are there and what are they called?
- Paletine x2 (normal)
Lingual X1
Pharyngeal x2
What is the structure of the pharynx made up of?
Cartilage and muscle
What is the eustacian tube?
Tube that connects the middle ear with the nose and nasopharynx.
What does the eustacian tube consist of? 2
Bone.
Hyaline cartilage.
What are the 2 main cartilages?
Thyroid.
Epiglottis.
What is the make up of the thyroid cartilage?
Forms anterior wall of larynx and gives it prominence.
Connected to hyoid bone by thyrohyoid membrane.
What is the makeup of epiglottis? 2
Large peice of elastic cartilage attached to anterior rim of thyroid.
Leaf shaped and leaf like portion is unattached and moves up and down.
What is the structure of Vocal cords? 3
Laryngeal mucous membrane forms 2 sets of folds. Superior pair are false vocal cords and inferior pair are true cords.
Lined with stratified squamous epithelium with bands of elastic ligaments below.
As muscles contract they pull ligaments tight and stretch vocal cords so that the outlet is narrowed.
What do goblet cells do?
Produce mucus help rid of debris.
What do the C-shaped cartilages in the trachea provide?
Semi rigid support to tracheal wall so that changes with Air pressure it doesn’t collapse.
Where does the trachea terminate?
At the Carina at the level of T5
At what point does the trachea divide?
At the level of the Carina
What does bifacation mean where does it happen?
It splits at the Carina.
Which bronchi is more vertical, shorter and wider?
The right
What is tertiary bronchi?
Where the secondary bronchi continue to branch to smaller bronchi
What are terminal bronchioles known as?
Minute bronchioles resulting from repeated branching.
What 5 things happen when branching becomes more extensive in the bronchi?
Epithelium changes from
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium in bronchi to non ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium in terminal bronchioles.
Incomplete rings of cartilage in primary bronchi are gradually replaced by plates of cartilage that finally disappear.
As the amount of cartilage decreases the amount of smooth muscle increases.
Smooth muscle circles bronchioles in spiral bands.
Dilation of this muscle will increase bronchiolar diameter.
What are the four things that bronchi sub divide into within the lobes of lungs?
Terminal bronchioles.
Respiratory bronchioles.
Alveolar ducts.
Alveoli.
Where does diffusion happen?
In external respiration
What is the structure of the lungs?
Come shaped, spongy organs situated either side of the mediastinum within thoracic cavity.
What does the mediastinum contain?
Blood supply
What are the lungs and interior of thoracic cavity lined with?
2 layers of serous membrane. The pleura.
What is between the two layers of visceral pleura and parietal pleura?
Potential space.
What is the visceral pleura firmly attached to?
Surface of the lungs composed of a deep layer of serous membrane.
What is the parietal pleura?
Outer layer of serous pleural membrane that encloses and protects each lung. It lines wall of thoracic cavity.
What does the pleural membrane do?
Encloses and protects each lung.
What is the pleural cavity?
Space between parietal and visceral pleura which contains small amount of fluid.
What type of circulation is the blood supply to lungs
Double circulation
Circulation which takes part respiratory gaseous exchange is also known as
Pulmonary circulation
What does the pulmonary trunk split in to
To pulmonary arteries left and right
What do the pulmonary arteries contain
Deoxygenated blood coming from the right side of the heart
When gaseous exchange takes place what happens to the oxygenated blood
It goes through the venous side of pulmonary circulation
What is the blood supply to the lungs as a tissue a part of?
Systemic circulation
Where does blood supply arise from
The aorta and provides blood supply to the lung itself and in particular Bronchi and bronchioles.
Where does the circulation return to?
Either superior Vena Cava with its own Venous network or by connections between bronchial on pulmonary arteries
The transport of blood supply to the lungs is also known as what
Bronchial circulation
What is ventilation the means of?
Gases are exchanged between atmosphere and alveolus.
The pressure inside the alveoli with respect to the atmosphere has changed by what
Changes in the size of the lungs
During inspiration what is a pressure
Less than the atmosphere and the air is drawn into the lungs.
What happens to the pressure on expiration
The pressure within the lung rises to above atmosphere and the flow of air is from the lung to the atmosphere
What is the diaphragm made up of
The sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavities
What shape is the diaphragm in its relaxed form?
Dome
What happens to the diaphragm when it contracts
It flattens and thereby the size of the Thoracic cavity is increased and causes pressure to fall
What is diaphragmatic activity responsible for?
75% of air entry
What is inspiration initiated by
The phrenic nerve
Where does the phrenic nerve originate
C3 C4 C5
What does the walls of the airway contain and what are they under
Smooth muscles which are under separate autonomic control
What does sympathetic stimulation cause
Bronchodilation
What does parasympathetic stimulation course
Bronchoconstriction
What is contraction of smooth muscle course
An increase in airway resistance by narrowing the diameter of the bronchial tree
In normal quiet breathing all the lungs and a passages ever empty
No
Where does gas exchange only ever occur
Between the alveoli and the walls of the alveolar ducts.
What is the remaining capacity of the respiratory passages known as
Dead space
In normal quiet breathing how much air is exchanged with each breath and what is it known as
500 mls tidal volume
How much air remains in the air passages and is not available for exchange and what is it known as
150 mls anatomical dead space
What is minute volume
Tidal volume multiplied by breathing rate per minute
With regard to partial pressure when air is in contact with the Alveolar surface there is what
Diffusion of o2 from alveoli into blood
What is partial pressure
The pressure of a specific gas in a mixture
Partial pressure table learn
Page 21 handout
In gaseous exchange where does carbon dioxide travel from and to
From the blood into alveolus
Partial pressures and Alveoli depend on what
Airflow in and out of lungs
What happens with impaired ventilation with relation to diffusion
Diffusion gradient is reduced
What happens to the alveoli in emphysema
The surface area is reduced and exchanges impaired
When else is gaseous exchange reduced?
When membranes are thickened and swollen or cells contain excess fluid
What is Dalton’s law?
Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if Other gases were not present
Where are peripheral receptors found
In arch of aorta and bifurcation of common carotids on each side
Where are central chemoreceptors found
In the resp centre
Where are peripheral chemoreceptors found
In arterial walls
What do central chemoreceptors respond to
Alterations in acidity and partial pressure of CO2 in the blood and CSF
Does carbon dioxide easily diffuse across cell membranes
Yes
What is sensory input via
Vagus and glossopharyngeal nerve
What does an increase in partial CO2 stimulate
Both central and peripheral chemoreceptors
What will A lowering of arterial partial CO2 inhibit
The stimulation to ventilate
What are the 2 functions of sinuses?
Help humidify air by extracting and adding water.
Resonates sound to produce noise
