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TEAC CONVERSION TO EAC > Respiratory System2 > Flashcards

Respiratory System2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nose made up of?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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2
Q

How many tonsils are there and what are they called?

A
  1. Paletine x2 (normal)
    Lingual X1
    Pharyngeal x2
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3
Q

What is the structure of the pharynx made up of?

A

Cartilage and muscle

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4
Q

What is the eustacian tube?

A

Tube that connects the middle ear with the nose and nasopharynx.

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5
Q

What does the eustacian tube consist of? 2

A

Bone.

Hyaline cartilage.

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6
Q

What are the 2 main cartilages?

A

Thyroid.

Epiglottis.

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7
Q

What is the make up of the thyroid cartilage?

A

Forms anterior wall of larynx and gives it prominence.

Connected to hyoid bone by thyrohyoid membrane.

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8
Q

What is the makeup of epiglottis? 2

A

Large peice of elastic cartilage attached to anterior rim of thyroid.
Leaf shaped and leaf like portion is unattached and moves up and down.

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9
Q

What is the structure of Vocal cords? 3

A

Laryngeal mucous membrane forms 2 sets of folds. Superior pair are false vocal cords and inferior pair are true cords.
Lined with stratified squamous epithelium with bands of elastic ligaments below.
As muscles contract they pull ligaments tight and stretch vocal cords so that the outlet is narrowed.

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10
Q

What do goblet cells do?

A

Produce mucus help rid of debris.

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11
Q

What do the C-shaped cartilages in the trachea provide?

A

Semi rigid support to tracheal wall so that changes with Air pressure it doesn’t collapse.

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12
Q

Where does the trachea terminate?

A

At the Carina at the level of T5

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13
Q

At what point does the trachea divide?

A

At the level of the Carina

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14
Q

What does bifacation mean where does it happen?

A

It splits at the Carina.

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15
Q

Which bronchi is more vertical, shorter and wider?

A

The right

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16
Q

What is tertiary bronchi?

A

Where the secondary bronchi continue to branch to smaller bronchi

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17
Q

What are terminal bronchioles known as?

A

Minute bronchioles resulting from repeated branching.

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18
Q

What 5 things happen when branching becomes more extensive in the bronchi?

A

Epithelium changes from
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium in bronchi to non ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium in terminal bronchioles.
Incomplete rings of cartilage in primary bronchi are gradually replaced by plates of cartilage that finally disappear.
As the amount of cartilage decreases the amount of smooth muscle increases.
Smooth muscle circles bronchioles in spiral bands.
Dilation of this muscle will increase bronchiolar diameter.

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19
Q

What are the four things that bronchi sub divide into within the lobes of lungs?

A

Terminal bronchioles.
Respiratory bronchioles.
Alveolar ducts.
Alveoli.

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20
Q

Where does diffusion happen?

A

In external respiration

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21
Q

What is the structure of the lungs?

A

Come shaped, spongy organs situated either side of the mediastinum within thoracic cavity.

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22
Q

What does the mediastinum contain?

A

Blood supply

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23
Q

What are the lungs and interior of thoracic cavity lined with?

A

2 layers of serous membrane. The pleura.

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24
Q

What is between the two layers of visceral pleura and parietal pleura?

A

Potential space.

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25
Q

What is the visceral pleura firmly attached to?

A

Surface of the lungs composed of a deep layer of serous membrane.

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26
Q

What is the parietal pleura?

A

Outer layer of serous pleural membrane that encloses and protects each lung. It lines wall of thoracic cavity.

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27
Q

What does the pleural membrane do?

A

Encloses and protects each lung.

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28
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

Space between parietal and visceral pleura which contains small amount of fluid.

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29
Q

What type of circulation is the blood supply to lungs

A

Double circulation

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30
Q

Circulation which takes part respiratory gaseous exchange is also known as

A

Pulmonary circulation

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31
Q

What does the pulmonary trunk split in to

A

To pulmonary arteries left and right

32
Q

What do the pulmonary arteries contain

A

Deoxygenated blood coming from the right side of the heart

33
Q

When gaseous exchange takes place what happens to the oxygenated blood

A

It goes through the venous side of pulmonary circulation

34
Q

What is the blood supply to the lungs as a tissue a part of?

A

Systemic circulation

35
Q

Where does blood supply arise from

A

The aorta and provides blood supply to the lung itself and in particular Bronchi and bronchioles.

36
Q

Where does the circulation return to?

A

Either superior Vena Cava with its own Venous network or by connections between bronchial on pulmonary arteries

37
Q

The transport of blood supply to the lungs is also known as what

A

Bronchial circulation

38
Q

What is ventilation the means of?

A

Gases are exchanged between atmosphere and alveolus.

39
Q

The pressure inside the alveoli with respect to the atmosphere has changed by what

A

Changes in the size of the lungs

40
Q

During inspiration what is a pressure

A

Less than the atmosphere and the air is drawn into the lungs.

41
Q

What happens to the pressure on expiration

A

The pressure within the lung rises to above atmosphere and the flow of air is from the lung to the atmosphere

42
Q

What is the diaphragm made up of

A

The sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavities

43
Q

What shape is the diaphragm in its relaxed form?

A

Dome

44
Q

What happens to the diaphragm when it contracts

A

It flattens and thereby the size of the Thoracic cavity is increased and causes pressure to fall

45
Q

What is diaphragmatic activity responsible for?

A

75% of air entry

46
Q

What is inspiration initiated by

A

The phrenic nerve

47
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve originate

A

C3 C4 C5

48
Q

What does the walls of the airway contain and what are they under

A

Smooth muscles which are under separate autonomic control

49
Q

What does sympathetic stimulation cause

A

Bronchodilation

50
Q

What does parasympathetic stimulation course

A

Bronchoconstriction

51
Q

What is contraction of smooth muscle course

A

An increase in airway resistance by narrowing the diameter of the bronchial tree

52
Q

In normal quiet breathing all the lungs and a passages ever empty

A

No

53
Q

Where does gas exchange only ever occur

A

Between the alveoli and the walls of the alveolar ducts.

54
Q

What is the remaining capacity of the respiratory passages known as

A

Dead space

55
Q

In normal quiet breathing how much air is exchanged with each breath and what is it known as

A

500 mls tidal volume

56
Q

How much air remains in the air passages and is not available for exchange and what is it known as

A

150 mls anatomical dead space

57
Q

What is minute volume

A

Tidal volume multiplied by breathing rate per minute

58
Q

With regard to partial pressure when air is in contact with the Alveolar surface there is what

A

Diffusion of o2 from alveoli into blood

59
Q

What is partial pressure

A

The pressure of a specific gas in a mixture

60
Q

Partial pressure table learn

A

Page 21 handout

61
Q

In gaseous exchange where does carbon dioxide travel from and to

A

From the blood into alveolus

62
Q

Partial pressures and Alveoli depend on what

A

Airflow in and out of lungs

63
Q

What happens with impaired ventilation with relation to diffusion

A

Diffusion gradient is reduced

64
Q

What happens to the alveoli in emphysema

A

The surface area is reduced and exchanges impaired

65
Q

When else is gaseous exchange reduced?

A

When membranes are thickened and swollen or cells contain excess fluid

66
Q

What is Dalton’s law?

A

Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if Other gases were not present

67
Q

Where are peripheral receptors found

A

In arch of aorta and bifurcation of common carotids on each side

68
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors found

A

In the resp centre

69
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors found

A

In arterial walls

70
Q

What do central chemoreceptors respond to

A

Alterations in acidity and partial pressure of CO2 in the blood and CSF

71
Q

Does carbon dioxide easily diffuse across cell membranes

A

Yes

72
Q

What is sensory input via

A

Vagus and glossopharyngeal nerve

73
Q

What does an increase in partial CO2 stimulate

A

Both central and peripheral chemoreceptors

74
Q

What will A lowering of arterial partial CO2 inhibit

A

The stimulation to ventilate

75
Q

What are the 2 functions of sinuses?

A

Help humidify air by extracting and adding water.

Resonates sound to produce noise

TEAC CONVERSION TO EAC (14 decks)

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