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Semester 2 > respiratory terms > Flashcards

respiratory terms Flashcards

1
Q

anaemia

A

decreased erythrocyte mass

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2
Q

haemolysis

A

eyrthrocyte lysis/destruction

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3
Q

haemoglobinemia

A

free haemoglobin in plasma

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4
Q

haemoglobinuria

A

free haemoglobin in urine

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5
Q

bilirubinaemia

A

increased serum bilirubin

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6
Q

bilirubinuria

A

bilirubin excretion in urine

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7
Q

erythropoiesis

A

formation and maturation of erythrocytes

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8
Q

hypochromasia

A

increased central pallor within the cell due to deficiency in haemoglobin

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9
Q

macrocytic/microcytic what do they mean and what measures it

A

MCV - mean corpuscular volume
increase in size - macroctic
decrease in size - microcytic

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10
Q

hypochromic what does it mean and what measures it

A

decrease in amount of haemoglobin measured by MCHC - low

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11
Q

anisocytosis what does it mean and what measures it

A

variation in cell size

- increased RDW indicated anisocytosis

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12
Q

haemolysis

A

destruction of red blood cells

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13
Q

intravascular haemolysis

A

rupture of rbc within the circulation

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14
Q

extravascular haemolysis

A

phagocytosis of rbc by macrophage in spleen, bone marrow and liver

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15
Q

pancytopenia

A

deficiency of white, red blood cells and platelets

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16
Q

metarubricytosis

A

nucleated red blood cells

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17
Q

inappropriate metarubricytosis and basophilic stippling

A

metarubricytosis and basophilic stippling without regenerative response - without polychromatophils

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18
Q

Erythrocytosis/Polycythaemia

A

increase in red blood cells

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19
Q

ansiocytosis

A

variability in cell size

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20
Q

poikilocytosis

A

variability in cell shape

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21
Q

macrocytes

A

large erythrocytes

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22
Q

microcytes

A

small erythrocytes

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23
Q

microcytosis

A

decrease average rbc size - low MCV

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24
Q

phonation

A

production of sound

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25
Q

articulation

A

modification of sound by structures of mouth and sinuses

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26
Q

respiratory dead space

A

the volume of airways that does not participate in gas exchange

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27
Q

anatomical dead space

A

not anatomically adapted for gas exchange (all airways from nose to terminal bronchioles, i.e. conducting airways)

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28
Q

physiological dead space

A
  • total volume of airways not participating in gas exchange
  • includes anatomical dead space plus volume of any alveoli with inadequate circulation
  • virtually identical to anatomical dead space in healthy animals
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29
Q

pulmonary minute ventilation =

A

Pulmonary minute ventilation = Tidal volume X Respiratory rate
(ml/min) = (ml/breath) X (breaths/min)

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30
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of air breathed in or out in a single breath

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31
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

= (Tidal volume - Dead space volume) X Respiratory rate

- i.e. alveolar ventilation is volume of air entering (or leaving) alveoli in one minute - more important to know

32
Q

hypocapnia

A

lowering CO2 in air and blood)

33
Q

partial pressure

A

the pressure exerted by a given gas in a mixture of gases (all gas molecules exert the same pressure regardless of identity) - dependent on concentration of that gas

34
Q

hypoxia

A

insufficient oxygen in tissues

35
Q

hypercapnia

A

= elevated PCO2 in blood

36
Q

emphysema

A

whole pulmonary acinus are removed

37
Q

phospholipoprotein

A

protein that makes up the pulmonary surfactant

38
Q

residual volume (RV)

A

amout of air left in lungs at end of maximal expiration

39
Q

tidal volume (TV)

A

normal lung volume during resting respiratory cycle

40
Q

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

additional volume that can be inspired above resting TV

41
Q

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

extra volume of air that can be actively expired beyond that normally passively expired

42
Q

inspiratory capacity (IC)

A

maximum volume of air that can be inspired after a normal quiet expiration (IC = IRV + TV)

43
Q

functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

volume of air in lungs at end of normal passive expiration

44
Q

vital capacity (VC)

A

maximum volume that can be expired following maximal inspiration

45
Q

total lung capacity (TLC)

A

vital capacity + residual volume

46
Q

forced expiratory volume (FEV):

A

the maximum volume of air that can be expired during first second after maximal inspiration (usually more 80% of VC - if less suggests there is a problem)

47
Q

equation for ventilation

A

breathing rate x tidal volume (VT)

48
Q

equation for alveolar ventilation

A

= VT (tidal volume) - VD (dead space

49
Q

equation for VD= dead space

A

anatomic dead space + alveolar dead space

50
Q

blood tension

A

the partial pressure of oxygen molecules dissolved in a liquid, such as blood plasma

51
Q

brainstem

A

rostral continuation of spinal cord

what remains when cerebral cortex and cerebellum removed

52
Q

hypercapnic drive

A

increased ventilation in response to elevated PCO2

53
Q

hypoxic drive

A

Regulation by lowered arterial PO2

54
Q

dyspnoea

A

(respiratory distress)

55
Q

pleurodynia

A

pleural pain - stimulation f pain end-organs in the pleura

56
Q

pneumothorax

A

air in the pleural cavity

57
Q

tension pneumothorax

A

a flap of torn pulmonary tissue or a penetrating injury to the chest wall can act like a one-way valve, allowing air to enter the cavity during inspiration but trapping it there during expiration

58
Q

pneumomediastinum

A

air in the mediastinum

59
Q

thoracocentesis

A

is essential in animals with pleural effusions to allow accurate diagnosis and selection of appropriate therapy

60
Q

haemothorax

A

blood in the plaural cavity

61
Q

hydrothorax

A

a non-inflammatory transudate (or modified transudate) in the pleural cavity

62
Q

chylothorax

A

lymph (chyle) in the pleural cavity

63
Q

pleuritis (pleurisy)

A

inflammation of the pleura with accumulation of exudate in the cavity

64
Q

pyothorax = thoracic empyema

A

accumulation of pus (neutrophil-rich exudate) in the pleural cavity

65
Q

bronchiectasis

A

permanent dilation of one or more bronchi

66
Q

cor pulmonale

A

pulmonary hypertensive heart disease) characterised by right ventricular dilation or concentric hypertrophy and potentially right-sided congestive heart failure

67
Q

pulmonary hypertension

A

a sustained increase in blood pressure within the pulmonary artery

68
Q

stertor

A

Obstruction to airflow - brachiocephalic dogs

69
Q

Stridor

A

Whistling in through a narrowed airspace - problem with arytenoid cartilage

70
Q

atelectasis

A

collapsed or incompletely expanded lung parenchyma

71
Q

compression atelectasis

A

collapse of previously aerated lung due to external compression

72
Q

obstructive atelelectasis

A

collapse of previously aerated lung due to complete airway obstruction

73
Q

alveolar emphysema

A

abnormal and permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles (i.e. respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and/or alveoli) accompanied by damage to the alveolar walls

74
Q

interstitial emphysema

A

air within the interstitial connective tissues and lymphatics of the lungs (in the interlobular septa, beneath the visceral pleura and around major blood vessels and airways)

75
Q

Pulmonary sequestrum

A

necrotic tissue (sequestrum) becomes separated from viable tissue by a rim of exudate and eventually becomes walled off by scar tissue

76
Q

aspiration pneumonia

A

pneumonia resulting from inhalation of foreign material, often liquids

77
Q

pneumonoconiosis

A

significant lung disease induced by inhalation of inorganic particles

Semester 2 (17 decks)

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