respiratory terms Flashcards
anaemia
decreased erythrocyte mass
haemolysis
eyrthrocyte lysis/destruction
haemoglobinemia
free haemoglobin in plasma
haemoglobinuria
free haemoglobin in urine
bilirubinaemia
increased serum bilirubin
bilirubinuria
bilirubin excretion in urine
erythropoiesis
formation and maturation of erythrocytes
hypochromasia
increased central pallor within the cell due to deficiency in haemoglobin
macrocytic/microcytic what do they mean and what measures it
MCV - mean corpuscular volume
increase in size - macroctic
decrease in size - microcytic
hypochromic what does it mean and what measures it
decrease in amount of haemoglobin measured by MCHC - low
anisocytosis what does it mean and what measures it
variation in cell size
- increased RDW indicated anisocytosis
haemolysis
destruction of red blood cells
intravascular haemolysis
rupture of rbc within the circulation
extravascular haemolysis
phagocytosis of rbc by macrophage in spleen, bone marrow and liver
pancytopenia
deficiency of white, red blood cells and platelets
metarubricytosis
nucleated red blood cells
inappropriate metarubricytosis and basophilic stippling
metarubricytosis and basophilic stippling without regenerative response - without polychromatophils
Erythrocytosis/Polycythaemia
increase in red blood cells
ansiocytosis
variability in cell size
poikilocytosis
variability in cell shape
macrocytes
large erythrocytes
microcytes
small erythrocytes
microcytosis
decrease average rbc size - low MCV
phonation
production of sound
articulation
modification of sound by structures of mouth and sinuses
respiratory dead space
the volume of airways that does not participate in gas exchange
anatomical dead space
not anatomically adapted for gas exchange (all airways from nose to terminal bronchioles, i.e. conducting airways)
physiological dead space
- total volume of airways not participating in gas exchange
- includes anatomical dead space plus volume of any alveoli with inadequate circulation
- virtually identical to anatomical dead space in healthy animals
pulmonary minute ventilation =
Pulmonary minute ventilation = Tidal volume X Respiratory rate
(ml/min) = (ml/breath) X (breaths/min)
tidal volume
volume of air breathed in or out in a single breath
alveolar ventilation
= (Tidal volume - Dead space volume) X Respiratory rate
- i.e. alveolar ventilation is volume of air entering (or leaving) alveoli in one minute - more important to know
hypocapnia
lowering CO2 in air and blood)
partial pressure
the pressure exerted by a given gas in a mixture of gases (all gas molecules exert the same pressure regardless of identity) - dependent on concentration of that gas
hypoxia
insufficient oxygen in tissues
hypercapnia
= elevated PCO2 in blood
emphysema
whole pulmonary acinus are removed
phospholipoprotein
protein that makes up the pulmonary surfactant
residual volume (RV)
amout of air left in lungs at end of maximal expiration
tidal volume (TV)
normal lung volume during resting respiratory cycle
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
additional volume that can be inspired above resting TV
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
extra volume of air that can be actively expired beyond that normally passively expired
inspiratory capacity (IC)
maximum volume of air that can be inspired after a normal quiet expiration (IC = IRV + TV)
functional residual capacity (FRC)
volume of air in lungs at end of normal passive expiration
vital capacity (VC)
maximum volume that can be expired following maximal inspiration
total lung capacity (TLC)
vital capacity + residual volume
forced expiratory volume (FEV):
the maximum volume of air that can be expired during first second after maximal inspiration (usually more 80% of VC - if less suggests there is a problem)
equation for ventilation
breathing rate x tidal volume (VT)
equation for alveolar ventilation
= VT (tidal volume) - VD (dead space
equation for VD= dead space
anatomic dead space + alveolar dead space
blood tension
the partial pressure of oxygen molecules dissolved in a liquid, such as blood plasma
brainstem
rostral continuation of spinal cord
what remains when cerebral cortex and cerebellum removed
hypercapnic drive
increased ventilation in response to elevated PCO2
hypoxic drive
Regulation by lowered arterial PO2
dyspnoea
(respiratory distress)
pleurodynia
pleural pain - stimulation f pain end-organs in the pleura
pneumothorax
air in the pleural cavity
tension pneumothorax
a flap of torn pulmonary tissue or a penetrating injury to the chest wall can act like a one-way valve, allowing air to enter the cavity during inspiration but trapping it there during expiration
pneumomediastinum
air in the mediastinum
thoracocentesis
is essential in animals with pleural effusions to allow accurate diagnosis and selection of appropriate therapy
haemothorax
blood in the plaural cavity
hydrothorax
a non-inflammatory transudate (or modified transudate) in the pleural cavity
chylothorax
lymph (chyle) in the pleural cavity
pleuritis (pleurisy)
inflammation of the pleura with accumulation of exudate in the cavity
pyothorax = thoracic empyema
accumulation of pus (neutrophil-rich exudate) in the pleural cavity
bronchiectasis
permanent dilation of one or more bronchi
cor pulmonale
pulmonary hypertensive heart disease) characterised by right ventricular dilation or concentric hypertrophy and potentially right-sided congestive heart failure
pulmonary hypertension
a sustained increase in blood pressure within the pulmonary artery
stertor
Obstruction to airflow - brachiocephalic dogs
Stridor
Whistling in through a narrowed airspace - problem with arytenoid cartilage
atelectasis
collapsed or incompletely expanded lung parenchyma
compression atelectasis
collapse of previously aerated lung due to external compression
obstructive atelelectasis
collapse of previously aerated lung due to complete airway obstruction
alveolar emphysema
abnormal and permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles (i.e. respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and/or alveoli) accompanied by damage to the alveolar walls
interstitial emphysema
air within the interstitial connective tissues and lymphatics of the lungs (in the interlobular septa, beneath the visceral pleura and around major blood vessels and airways)
Pulmonary sequestrum
necrotic tissue (sequestrum) becomes separated from viable tissue by a rim of exudate and eventually becomes walled off by scar tissue
aspiration pneumonia
pneumonia resulting from inhalation of foreign material, often liquids
pneumonoconiosis
significant lung disease induced by inhalation of inorganic particles
