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respiratory terms Flashcards

1
Q

anaemia

A

decreased erythrocyte mass

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2
Q

haemolysis

A

eyrthrocyte lysis/destruction

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3
Q

haemoglobinemia

A

free haemoglobin in plasma

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4
Q

haemoglobinuria

A

free haemoglobin in urine

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5
Q

bilirubinaemia

A

increased serum bilirubin

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6
Q

bilirubinuria

A

bilirubin excretion in urine

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7
Q

erythropoiesis

A

formation and maturation of erythrocytes

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8
Q

hypochromasia

A

increased central pallor within the cell due to deficiency in haemoglobin

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9
Q

macrocytic/microcytic what do they mean and what measures it

A

MCV - mean corpuscular volume
increase in size - macroctic
decrease in size - microcytic

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10
Q

hypochromic what does it mean and what measures it

A

decrease in amount of haemoglobin measured by MCHC - low

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11
Q

anisocytosis what does it mean and what measures it

A

variation in cell size

- increased RDW indicated anisocytosis

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12
Q

haemolysis

A

destruction of red blood cells

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13
Q

intravascular haemolysis

A

rupture of rbc within the circulation

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14
Q

extravascular haemolysis

A

phagocytosis of rbc by macrophage in spleen, bone marrow and liver

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15
Q

pancytopenia

A

deficiency of white, red blood cells and platelets

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16
Q

metarubricytosis

A

nucleated red blood cells

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17
Q

inappropriate metarubricytosis and basophilic stippling

A

metarubricytosis and basophilic stippling without regenerative response - without polychromatophils

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18
Q

Erythrocytosis/Polycythaemia

A

increase in red blood cells

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19
Q

ansiocytosis

A

variability in cell size

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20
Q

poikilocytosis

A

variability in cell shape

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21
Q

macrocytes

A

large erythrocytes

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22
Q

microcytes

A

small erythrocytes

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23
Q

microcytosis

A

decrease average rbc size - low MCV

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24
Q

phonation

A

production of sound

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25
articulation
modification of sound by structures of mouth and sinuses
26
respiratory dead space
the volume of airways that does not participate in gas exchange
27
anatomical dead space
not anatomically adapted for gas exchange (all airways from nose to terminal bronchioles, i.e. conducting airways)
28
physiological dead space
- total volume of airways not participating in gas exchange - includes anatomical dead space plus volume of any alveoli with inadequate circulation - virtually identical to anatomical dead space in healthy animals
29
pulmonary minute ventilation =
Pulmonary minute ventilation = Tidal volume X Respiratory rate (ml/min) = (ml/breath) X (breaths/min)
30
tidal volume
volume of air breathed in or out in a single breath
31
alveolar ventilation
= (Tidal volume - Dead space volume) X Respiratory rate | - i.e. alveolar ventilation is volume of air entering (or leaving) alveoli in one minute - more important to know
32
hypocapnia
lowering CO2 in air and blood)
33
partial pressure
the pressure exerted by a given gas in a mixture of gases (all gas molecules exert the same pressure regardless of identity) - dependent on concentration of that gas
34
hypoxia
insufficient oxygen in tissues
35
hypercapnia
= elevated PCO2 in blood
36
emphysema
whole pulmonary acinus are removed
37
phospholipoprotein
protein that makes up the pulmonary surfactant
38
residual volume (RV)
amout of air left in lungs at end of maximal expiration
39
tidal volume (TV)
normal lung volume during resting respiratory cycle
40
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
additional volume that can be inspired above resting TV
41
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
extra volume of air that can be actively expired beyond that normally passively expired
42
inspiratory capacity (IC)
maximum volume of air that can be inspired after a normal quiet expiration (IC = IRV + TV)
43
functional residual capacity (FRC)
volume of air in lungs at end of normal passive expiration
44
vital capacity (VC)
maximum volume that can be expired following maximal inspiration
45
total lung capacity (TLC)
vital capacity + residual volume
46
forced expiratory volume (FEV):
the maximum volume of air that can be expired during first second after maximal inspiration (usually more 80% of VC - if less suggests there is a problem)
47
equation for ventilation
breathing rate x tidal volume (VT)
48
equation for alveolar ventilation
= VT (tidal volume) - VD (dead space
49
equation for VD= dead space
anatomic dead space + alveolar dead space
50
blood tension
the partial pressure of oxygen molecules dissolved in a liquid, such as blood plasma
51
brainstem
rostral continuation of spinal cord | what remains when cerebral cortex and cerebellum removed
52
hypercapnic drive
increased ventilation in response to elevated PCO2
53
hypoxic drive
Regulation by lowered arterial PO2
54
dyspnoea
(respiratory distress)
55
pleurodynia
pleural pain - stimulation f pain end-organs in the pleura
56
pneumothorax
air in the pleural cavity
57
tension pneumothorax
a flap of torn pulmonary tissue or a penetrating injury to the chest wall can act like a one-way valve, allowing air to enter the cavity during inspiration but trapping it there during expiration
58
pneumomediastinum
air in the mediastinum
59
thoracocentesis
is essential in animals with pleural effusions to allow accurate diagnosis and selection of appropriate therapy
60
haemothorax
blood in the plaural cavity
61
hydrothorax
a non-inflammatory transudate (or modified transudate) in the pleural cavity
62
chylothorax
lymph (chyle) in the pleural cavity
63
pleuritis (pleurisy)
inflammation of the pleura with accumulation of exudate in the cavity
64
pyothorax = thoracic empyema
accumulation of pus (neutrophil-rich exudate) in the pleural cavity
65
bronchiectasis
permanent dilation of one or more bronchi
66
cor pulmonale
pulmonary hypertensive heart disease) characterised by right ventricular dilation or concentric hypertrophy and potentially right-sided congestive heart failure
67
pulmonary hypertension
a sustained increase in blood pressure within the pulmonary artery
68
stertor
Obstruction to airflow - brachiocephalic dogs
69
Stridor
Whistling in through a narrowed airspace - problem with arytenoid cartilage
70
atelectasis
collapsed or incompletely expanded lung parenchyma
71
compression atelectasis
collapse of previously aerated lung due to external compression
72
obstructive atelelectasis
collapse of previously aerated lung due to complete airway obstruction
73
alveolar emphysema
abnormal and permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles (i.e. respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and/or alveoli) accompanied by damage to the alveolar walls
74
interstitial emphysema
air within the interstitial connective tissues and lymphatics of the lungs (in the interlobular septa, beneath the visceral pleura and around major blood vessels and airways)
75
Pulmonary sequestrum
necrotic tissue (sequestrum) becomes separated from viable tissue by a rim of exudate and eventually becomes walled off by scar tissue
76
aspiration pneumonia
pneumonia resulting from inhalation of foreign material, often liquids
77
pneumonoconiosis
significant lung disease induced by inhalation of inorganic particles

Semester 2 (17 decks)

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