Cardio definitions Flashcards
arrhythmia
alteration in rate or rhythm
bradycardia
slowing of heart rate
tachycardia
increase heart rate - physiological or pathological
sinus bradycardia
slowing of heart rate normally via SA node
sinus trachycardia
increase in heart rate governed by SA node due to increased sympathetic input - fear, exercise
sinus arrhythmia
Variations in heart rate synchronous with respiration - completely normal for fit individuals
ESV - end systolic volume
volume of blood in ventricle at the end of ventricular systole
EDV - end diastolic volume
the volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of ventricular filling (atrial systole)
stroke volume
volume of blood that is ejected
SV = EDV-ESV
ejection fraction (EF)
proportion of EDV ejected - due to the contractility of the heart
EF = SV/EDV
systolic pressure
peak pressure at point of maximum ejection of blood from the ventricle
diastolic pressure
pressure when outlet valves are closed
pulse pressure =
systolic pressure - diastolic pressure
flow =
pressure difference (mean arteriole pressure)/ resistance
mean arteriole pressure =
cardiac output X resistance (total peripheral resistance)
OR
diastolic pressure + pulse pressure/3
cardiac output =
Heart rate X stroke volume
stroke volume =
end diastolic volume - end systolic volume
also effected by contractility
preload
venous return - increase preload increase contraction
- the force stretching the relaxed myocardium
afterload, what occurs when change
what heart has to push against to open valves
- blood pressure in the aorta or the MEAN ARTERIOLE PRESSURE - determined by total peropheral resistance and cardiac output
reduce afterload decrease pressure need to open valves therefore increase cardiac output
compliance
describes the elastic property of a vessel - how much volume changes in response to given change in distending pressure
Anastomosis
(joining together)
could be arteries
active hyperaemia
increased blood volume due to arteriolar dilation and expansion of the perfused capillary bed
hyperaemia
too much blood
increased blood volume within the vasculature of a tissue or organ
passive congestion
passive hyperaemia = passive congestion = congestion
a passive process in which increased blood volume within the vasculature of a tissue is due to impairment of venous outflow
Erythema
red skin due to vasodilation of oxygenated blood vessels (arterioles)
hydrothorax
accumulation of non-inflammatory oedema fluid in the thoracic cavity
hydropericardium
accumulation of non-inflammatory oedema fluid in the pericardial sac
ascites (hydroperitoneum)
accumulation of non-inflammatory oedema fluid within the peritoneal cavity
hydrocoele
accumulation of non-inflammatory oedema fluid within the cavity of the tunica vaginalis of the scrotum
anasarca
severe generalised oedema (often most prominent in the subcutis but with accompanying body cavity effusions)
thrombosis
inappropriate formation of a blood clot (thrombus) within the cardiovascular system
mural thrombus
non- occlusive thrombus - only partially into vessel lumen- generally arterioles
occlusive thrombus
completely obstruct the lumen - generally venous clots
thromboemboli
fragments dislodged from an upstream thrombus that travel downstream in the blood to become trapped in distant vessels of smaller calibre
fibrinolysis
enzymatic breakdown of fibrin - administration of plasminogen with 48hours
embolus
an intravascular, solid, liquid or gaseous mass that is transported by the blood to a site distant from its point of origin
embolism
the blockage of a downstream vessel by an embolus arising upstream
ischaemia
hypoxic or anoxic tissue injury resulting from a local reduction in blood flow
infarction
the process by which ischaemic necrosis of a localised area of tissue develops
infarct
the area of tissue which has undergone infarction
pulmonary hypertension
a sustained increase in systolic blood pressure in the pulmonary artery
systemic hypertension
a sustained increase in systemic arterial blood pressure
epistaxis
bleeding from the nostrils
systemic hypotension
a sustained decrease in systemic arterial blood pressure
shock
(also known as cardiovascular collapse) = a generalised phenomenon of peripheral circulatory failure - under perfusion of tissues
cardiogenic shock
rapid decrease in systolic cardiac output despite presence of adequate blood volume
hypovolaemic shock
significant reduction (> 20-25%) in the circulating blood volume
distributive shock and examples
inappropriate vasodilation of arterioles, with pooling of blood in capillary beds and venous channels
1) neurogenic shock
2) anaphylaxis
3) sepsis
4) heart stroke
what is meant by constrictive heart disease
reduced ventricular compliance - impaired diastolic filling of the right ventricle
- leads to right-sided congestive heart failure
define cardiac tamponade
excess volume of fluid in the pericardial sac
rapid effusions
- leads to impaired filling of heart and therefore acute right-sided congestive heart failure
hydropericardium
accumulation of non-inflammatory fluid (transudate or modified
transudate) in the pericardial sac
haemopericardium
presence of free blood in the pericardial sac
gout
birds and reptiles, uric acid (urate) crystals may be deposited over the pericardial membranes, over the capsule of the liver, and in the renal tubules and ureters
jet lesions
turbulent regurgitant blood resulting in static pressure injury to subendocardium and therefore focal fibrosis
endocardiosis
myxomatous degeneration of the heart valves
Metastatic mineralisation
mineral deposition in viable tissues due to an increased serum concentration of calcium (or phosphorus)
Dystrophic mineralisation =
mineral deposition in necrotic tissues
myocarditis
inflammation of the myocardium - lymphocyte rich
cardiomyopathy
idiopathic myocardial disease
haemangiosarcoma
a malignant tumour of vascular endothelium
myointimal cells
endothelial cells and/or macrophages, smooth muscle cells of the tunica media may migrate through pores in the internal elastic lamina into the subendothelial layer and are now named
arteriosclerosis
hardening of the arteries
= a chronic degenerative disease of arteries characterised by hardening, loss of elasticity, and luminal narrowing
atherosclerosis
arteriosclerosis in which there is significant lipid deposition and fatty degeneration of the vessel wall
arteriolosclerosis
non-fatty degeneration of arterioles of small to medium size
hyaline degeneration
a spectrum of arteriolosclerotic lesions involving deposition of
collagen, elastin, glycosaminoglycans or amyloid in the tunica intima
+/- tunica media of damaged arterioles
fibrinoid change
an extracellular degenerative change in damaged small arteries and
arterioles in which plasma proteins dissect through the wall from the
vessel lumen
aneurysm
a localised abnormal dilation or out-pouching of a blood vessel
dissecting aneurysm
blood enters the vessel wall through a tear in the endothelium and tunica intima and thence dissects between layers of the tunica media to create a cavity within the vessel wall +/- luminal narrowing
vasculitis
inflammation of vessels
phlebitis
inflammation of veins
lymphangitis
inflammation of lymphatics
Verminous Arteritis, example
inflammation of arteries due to parasite
- heart worm (Dirofilaria immitis)
thrombophlebitis
phlebitis invariably leads to thrombosis
phlebectasia
dilation of a vein (= varicosity)
omphalophlebitis
inflammation of the umbilical vein
lymphoedema
swelling of tissue by excess interstitial lymph due to impaired lymphatic
drainage
lymphangiectasia
dilation of lymphatics
chylothorax
free chylomicron-rich lymph (chyle) within the thoracic cavity
