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Semester 2 > Cardio definitions > Flashcards

Cardio definitions Flashcards

1
Q

arrhythmia

A

alteration in rate or rhythm

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2
Q

bradycardia

A

slowing of heart rate

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3
Q

tachycardia

A

increase heart rate - physiological or pathological

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4
Q

sinus bradycardia

A

slowing of heart rate normally via SA node

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5
Q

sinus trachycardia

A

increase in heart rate governed by SA node due to increased sympathetic input - fear, exercise

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6
Q

sinus arrhythmia

A

Variations in heart rate synchronous with respiration - completely normal for fit individuals

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7
Q

ESV - end systolic volume

A

volume of blood in ventricle at the end of ventricular systole

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8
Q

EDV - end diastolic volume

A

the volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of ventricular filling (atrial systole)

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9
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood that is ejected

SV = EDV-ESV

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10
Q

ejection fraction (EF)

A

proportion of EDV ejected - due to the contractility of the heart
EF = SV/EDV

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11
Q

systolic pressure

A

peak pressure at point of maximum ejection of blood from the ventricle

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12
Q

diastolic pressure

A

pressure when outlet valves are closed

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13
Q

pulse pressure =

A

systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

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14
Q

flow =

A

pressure difference (mean arteriole pressure)/ resistance

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15
Q

mean arteriole pressure =

A

cardiac output X resistance (total peripheral resistance)
OR
diastolic pressure + pulse pressure/3

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16
Q

cardiac output =

A

Heart rate X stroke volume

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17
Q

stroke volume =

A

end diastolic volume - end systolic volume

also effected by contractility

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18
Q

preload

A

venous return - increase preload increase contraction

- the force stretching the relaxed myocardium

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19
Q

afterload, what occurs when change

A

what heart has to push against to open valves
- blood pressure in the aorta or the MEAN ARTERIOLE PRESSURE - determined by total peropheral resistance and cardiac output
reduce afterload decrease pressure need to open valves therefore increase cardiac output

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20
Q

compliance

A

describes the elastic property of a vessel - how much volume changes in response to given change in distending pressure

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21
Q

Anastomosis

A

(joining together)

could be arteries

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22
Q

active hyperaemia

A

increased blood volume due to arteriolar dilation and expansion of the perfused capillary bed

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23
Q

hyperaemia

A

too much blood

increased blood volume within the vasculature of a tissue or organ

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24
Q

passive congestion

A

passive hyperaemia = passive congestion = congestion
a passive process in which increased blood volume within the vasculature of a tissue is due to impairment of venous outflow

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25
Q

Erythema

A

red skin due to vasodilation of oxygenated blood vessels (arterioles)

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26
Q

hydrothorax

A

accumulation of non-inflammatory oedema fluid in the thoracic cavity

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27
Q

hydropericardium

A

accumulation of non-inflammatory oedema fluid in the pericardial sac

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28
Q

ascites (hydroperitoneum)

A

accumulation of non-inflammatory oedema fluid within the peritoneal cavity

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29
Q

hydrocoele

A

accumulation of non-inflammatory oedema fluid within the cavity of the tunica vaginalis of the scrotum

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30
Q

anasarca

A

severe generalised oedema (often most prominent in the subcutis but with accompanying body cavity effusions)

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31
Q

thrombosis

A

inappropriate formation of a blood clot (thrombus) within the cardiovascular system

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32
Q

mural thrombus

A

non- occlusive thrombus - only partially into vessel lumen- generally arterioles

33
Q

occlusive thrombus

A

completely obstruct the lumen - generally venous clots

34
Q

thromboemboli

A

fragments dislodged from an upstream thrombus that travel downstream in the blood to become trapped in distant vessels of smaller calibre

35
Q

fibrinolysis

A

enzymatic breakdown of fibrin - administration of plasminogen with 48hours

36
Q

embolus

A

an intravascular, solid, liquid or gaseous mass that is transported by the blood to a site distant from its point of origin

37
Q

embolism

A

the blockage of a downstream vessel by an embolus arising upstream

38
Q

ischaemia

A

hypoxic or anoxic tissue injury resulting from a local reduction in blood flow

39
Q

infarction

A

the process by which ischaemic necrosis of a localised area of tissue develops

40
Q

infarct

A

the area of tissue which has undergone infarction

41
Q

pulmonary hypertension

A

a sustained increase in systolic blood pressure in the pulmonary artery

42
Q

systemic hypertension

A

a sustained increase in systemic arterial blood pressure

43
Q

epistaxis

A

bleeding from the nostrils

44
Q

systemic hypotension

A

a sustained decrease in systemic arterial blood pressure

45
Q

shock

A

(also known as cardiovascular collapse) = a generalised phenomenon of peripheral circulatory failure - under perfusion of tissues

46
Q

cardiogenic shock

A

rapid decrease in systolic cardiac output despite presence of adequate blood volume

47
Q

hypovolaemic shock

A

significant reduction (> 20-25%) in the circulating blood volume

48
Q

distributive shock and examples

A

inappropriate vasodilation of arterioles, with pooling of blood in capillary beds and venous channels

1) neurogenic shock
2) anaphylaxis
3) sepsis
4) heart stroke

49
Q

what is meant by constrictive heart disease

A

reduced ventricular compliance - impaired diastolic filling of the right ventricle
- leads to right-sided congestive heart failure

50
Q

define cardiac tamponade

A

excess volume of fluid in the pericardial sac
rapid effusions
- leads to impaired filling of heart and therefore acute right-sided congestive heart failure

51
Q

hydropericardium

A

accumulation of non-inflammatory fluid (transudate or modified
transudate) in the pericardial sac

52
Q

haemopericardium

A

presence of free blood in the pericardial sac

53
Q

gout

A

birds and reptiles, uric acid (urate) crystals may be deposited over the pericardial membranes, over the capsule of the liver, and in the renal tubules and ureters

54
Q

jet lesions

A

turbulent regurgitant blood resulting in static pressure injury to subendocardium and therefore focal fibrosis

55
Q

endocardiosis

A

myxomatous degeneration of the heart valves

56
Q

Metastatic mineralisation

A

mineral deposition in viable tissues due to an increased serum concentration of calcium (or phosphorus)

57
Q

Dystrophic mineralisation =

A

mineral deposition in necrotic tissues

58
Q

myocarditis

A

inflammation of the myocardium - lymphocyte rich

59
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

idiopathic myocardial disease

60
Q

haemangiosarcoma

A

a malignant tumour of vascular endothelium

61
Q

myointimal cells

A

endothelial cells and/or macrophages, smooth muscle cells of the tunica media may migrate through pores in the internal elastic lamina into the subendothelial layer and are now named

62
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of the arteries

= a chronic degenerative disease of arteries characterised by hardening, loss of elasticity, and luminal narrowing

63
Q

atherosclerosis

A

arteriosclerosis in which there is significant lipid deposition and fatty degeneration of the vessel wall

64
Q

arteriolosclerosis

A

non-fatty degeneration of arterioles of small to medium size

65
Q

hyaline degeneration

A

a spectrum of arteriolosclerotic lesions involving deposition of
collagen, elastin, glycosaminoglycans or amyloid in the tunica intima
+/- tunica media of damaged arterioles

66
Q

fibrinoid change

A

an extracellular degenerative change in damaged small arteries and
arterioles in which plasma proteins dissect through the wall from the
vessel lumen

67
Q

aneurysm

A

a localised abnormal dilation or out-pouching of a blood vessel

68
Q

dissecting aneurysm

A

blood enters the vessel wall through a tear in the endothelium and tunica intima and thence dissects between layers of the tunica media to create a cavity within the vessel wall +/- luminal narrowing

69
Q

vasculitis

A

inflammation of vessels

70
Q

phlebitis

A

inflammation of veins

71
Q

lymphangitis

A

inflammation of lymphatics

72
Q

Verminous Arteritis, example

A

inflammation of arteries due to parasite

- heart worm (Dirofilaria immitis)

73
Q

thrombophlebitis

A

phlebitis invariably leads to thrombosis

74
Q

phlebectasia

A

dilation of a vein (= varicosity)

75
Q

omphalophlebitis

A

inflammation of the umbilical vein

76
Q

lymphoedema

A

swelling of tissue by excess interstitial lymph due to impaired lymphatic
drainage

77
Q

lymphangiectasia

A

dilation of lymphatics

78
Q

chylothorax

A

free chylomicron-rich lymph (chyle) within the thoracic cavity

Semester 2 (17 decks)

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