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Semester 2 > Cardio definitions > Flashcards

Cardio definitions Flashcards

1
Q

arrhythmia

A

alteration in rate or rhythm

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2
Q

bradycardia

A

slowing of heart rate

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3
Q

tachycardia

A

increase heart rate - physiological or pathological

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4
Q

sinus bradycardia

A

slowing of heart rate normally via SA node

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5
Q

sinus trachycardia

A

increase in heart rate governed by SA node due to increased sympathetic input - fear, exercise

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6
Q

sinus arrhythmia

A

Variations in heart rate synchronous with respiration - completely normal for fit individuals

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7
Q

ESV - end systolic volume

A

volume of blood in ventricle at the end of ventricular systole

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8
Q

EDV - end diastolic volume

A

the volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of ventricular filling (atrial systole)

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9
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood that is ejected

SV = EDV-ESV

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10
Q

ejection fraction (EF)

A

proportion of EDV ejected - due to the contractility of the heart
EF = SV/EDV

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11
Q

systolic pressure

A

peak pressure at point of maximum ejection of blood from the ventricle

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12
Q

diastolic pressure

A

pressure when outlet valves are closed

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13
Q

pulse pressure =

A

systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

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14
Q

flow =

A

pressure difference (mean arteriole pressure)/ resistance

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15
Q

mean arteriole pressure =

A

cardiac output X resistance (total peripheral resistance)
OR
diastolic pressure + pulse pressure/3

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16
Q

cardiac output =

A

Heart rate X stroke volume

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17
Q

stroke volume =

A

end diastolic volume - end systolic volume

also effected by contractility

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18
Q

preload

A

venous return - increase preload increase contraction

- the force stretching the relaxed myocardium

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19
Q

afterload, what occurs when change

A

what heart has to push against to open valves
- blood pressure in the aorta or the MEAN ARTERIOLE PRESSURE - determined by total peropheral resistance and cardiac output
reduce afterload decrease pressure need to open valves therefore increase cardiac output

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20
Q

compliance

A

describes the elastic property of a vessel - how much volume changes in response to given change in distending pressure

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21
Q

Anastomosis

A

(joining together)

could be arteries

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22
Q

active hyperaemia

A

increased blood volume due to arteriolar dilation and expansion of the perfused capillary bed

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23
Q

hyperaemia

A

too much blood

increased blood volume within the vasculature of a tissue or organ

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24
Q

passive congestion

A

passive hyperaemia = passive congestion = congestion
a passive process in which increased blood volume within the vasculature of a tissue is due to impairment of venous outflow

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25
Erythema
red skin due to vasodilation of oxygenated blood vessels (arterioles)
26
hydrothorax
accumulation of non-inflammatory oedema fluid in the thoracic cavity
27
hydropericardium
accumulation of non-inflammatory oedema fluid in the pericardial sac
28
ascites (hydroperitoneum)
accumulation of non-inflammatory oedema fluid within the peritoneal cavity
29
hydrocoele
accumulation of non-inflammatory oedema fluid within the cavity of the tunica vaginalis of the scrotum
30
anasarca
severe generalised oedema (often most prominent in the subcutis but with accompanying body cavity effusions)
31
thrombosis
inappropriate formation of a blood clot (thrombus) within the cardiovascular system
32
mural thrombus
non- occlusive thrombus - only partially into vessel lumen- generally arterioles
33
occlusive thrombus
completely obstruct the lumen - generally venous clots
34
thromboemboli
fragments dislodged from an upstream thrombus that travel downstream in the blood to become trapped in distant vessels of smaller calibre
35
fibrinolysis
enzymatic breakdown of fibrin - administration of plasminogen with 48hours
36
embolus
an intravascular, solid, liquid or gaseous mass that is transported by the blood to a site distant from its point of origin
37
embolism
the blockage of a downstream vessel by an embolus arising upstream
38
ischaemia
hypoxic or anoxic tissue injury resulting from a local reduction in blood flow
39
infarction
the process by which ischaemic necrosis of a localised area of tissue develops
40
infarct
the area of tissue which has undergone infarction
41
pulmonary hypertension
a sustained increase in systolic blood pressure in the pulmonary artery
42
systemic hypertension
a sustained increase in systemic arterial blood pressure
43
epistaxis
bleeding from the nostrils
44
systemic hypotension
a sustained decrease in systemic arterial blood pressure
45
shock
(also known as cardiovascular collapse) = a generalised phenomenon of peripheral circulatory failure - under perfusion of tissues
46
cardiogenic shock
rapid decrease in systolic cardiac output despite presence of adequate blood volume
47
hypovolaemic shock
significant reduction (> 20-25%) in the circulating blood volume
48
distributive shock and examples
inappropriate vasodilation of arterioles, with pooling of blood in capillary beds and venous channels 1) neurogenic shock 2) anaphylaxis 3) sepsis 4) heart stroke
49
what is meant by constrictive heart disease
reduced ventricular compliance - impaired diastolic filling of the right ventricle - leads to right-sided congestive heart failure
50
define cardiac tamponade
excess volume of fluid in the pericardial sac rapid effusions - leads to impaired filling of heart and therefore acute right-sided congestive heart failure
51
hydropericardium
accumulation of non-inflammatory fluid (transudate or modified transudate) in the pericardial sac
52
haemopericardium
presence of free blood in the pericardial sac
53
gout
birds and reptiles, uric acid (urate) crystals may be deposited over the pericardial membranes, over the capsule of the liver, and in the renal tubules and ureters
54
jet lesions
turbulent regurgitant blood resulting in static pressure injury to subendocardium and therefore focal fibrosis
55
endocardiosis
myxomatous degeneration of the heart valves
56
Metastatic mineralisation
mineral deposition in viable tissues due to an increased serum concentration of calcium (or phosphorus)
57
Dystrophic mineralisation =
mineral deposition in necrotic tissues
58
myocarditis
inflammation of the myocardium - lymphocyte rich
59
cardiomyopathy
idiopathic myocardial disease
60
haemangiosarcoma
a malignant tumour of vascular endothelium
61
myointimal cells
endothelial cells and/or macrophages, smooth muscle cells of the tunica media may migrate through pores in the internal elastic lamina into the subendothelial layer and are now named
62
arteriosclerosis
hardening of the arteries | = a chronic degenerative disease of arteries characterised by hardening, loss of elasticity, and luminal narrowing
63
atherosclerosis
arteriosclerosis in which there is significant lipid deposition and fatty degeneration of the vessel wall
64
arteriolosclerosis
non-fatty degeneration of arterioles of small to medium size
65
hyaline degeneration
a spectrum of arteriolosclerotic lesions involving deposition of collagen, elastin, glycosaminoglycans or amyloid in the tunica intima +/- tunica media of damaged arterioles
66
fibrinoid change
an extracellular degenerative change in damaged small arteries and arterioles in which plasma proteins dissect through the wall from the vessel lumen
67
aneurysm
a localised abnormal dilation or out-pouching of a blood vessel
68
dissecting aneurysm
blood enters the vessel wall through a tear in the endothelium and tunica intima and thence dissects between layers of the tunica media to create a cavity within the vessel wall +/- luminal narrowing
69
vasculitis
inflammation of vessels
70
phlebitis
inflammation of veins
71
lymphangitis
inflammation of lymphatics
72
Verminous Arteritis, example
inflammation of arteries due to parasite | - heart worm (Dirofilaria immitis)
73
thrombophlebitis
phlebitis invariably leads to thrombosis
74
phlebectasia
dilation of a vein (= varicosity)
75
omphalophlebitis
inflammation of the umbilical vein
76
lymphoedema
swelling of tissue by excess interstitial lymph due to impaired lymphatic drainage
77
lymphangiectasia
dilation of lymphatics
78
chylothorax
free chylomicron-rich lymph (chyle) within the thoracic cavity

Semester 2 (17 decks)

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