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Semester 2 > Production Systems 4 - 7 (2) > Flashcards

Production Systems 4 - 7 (2) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the problems with undersized heifers and when lactating

A
  • have more calving problems
  • Feto pelvic disproportion
  • produce less milk
  • greater problems getting back in calf in 1st lactation
    lactating
  • compete poorly with older cows because still growing
  • use feed for growth rather than milk
  • more likely to be culled for poor milk yield and / or fertility.
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2
Q

how long does oestrus last, and how long is the oestrus cycle

A
  • 1-2hrs 28hrs followed by ovulation 12hrs later

- cycle 21 +- 3 days

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3
Q

what are the ways to detect if cows on heat and what are some difficulties

A 
At standing heat will see –
	- stand to be mounted
	- have tail hair ruffled
	- slobber on back
	- mucus on tail
	- Paint rubbed off or use of Kmar (white to pink)
Difficulties with oestrus detection –
	- cold wet weather
	- few cows cycling
	- Inattention
	- poorly trained
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4
Q

what are the positives and negatives of using a bull in dairy and how to select bull

A

Natural service
Positives
- good heat detection low labour requirement
Negatives
- rely on bull soundness need bulls
- lower genetic progress unless have very high genetic bulls
- Venereal diseases
Bull:
size, performance, disease, preparation, numbers, age

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5
Q

what are the positives and negatives of using an AI sire

A 
positive
- increased genetic progress
- don’t need a bull
Negative 
- Conception rate is lower than natural service - 50% conception rate
- tricky heat detection, 
- labour required, 
- facilities?, synchronisation?
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6
Q

what are the 2 primary indices and what do they describe

A

1) 6-week in-calf rate - number of cows diagnosed as becoming pregnant during 1st 6 weeks of mating divided by number of cows in herd
2) 21-week in-calf rate - number of cows which conceived during 1st 21 weeks of mating divided by number of cows in herd

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7
Q

what are the 3 secondary indices and what do they describe

A

1) 21 Day Submission Rate - percentage of cows that received at least one insemination by three weeks after MSD
2) conception rate - percentage of services that resulted in pregnancy
3) non-return rate - estimate of conception rate based on proportion of cows for which no subsequent oestrus detected in a specified time

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8
Q

National udder health program for Australian Dairy Industry what does it do

A

Provides set of guidelines for each period of lactation:

- what has to be done
- why it should be done
- how to do it
- how to check that it has been achieved
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9
Q

what occurs in terms of mustering in northern beef farms and what occurs then

A

once or twice a year
generally start of dry season and then near end of dry season
need to - wean, dehorn, castrate, vaccinate, parasite treatment, spaying cows, drenching

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10
Q

What are the most commonly farmed deer and in australia and what type of species where come from

A

Red and Reindeer (USA, Canada)
Australia
- Red, Elk, Fallow (temperate species, European)
lots of wild deer in Australia for hunting

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11
Q

What are the names for the male, female and young for Red and Fallow species

A

Red - Stag, Hind, Calf

Fallow - Buck, Doe, Fawn

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12
Q

how many deer in australia, what states are the main ones, how many in New Zealand

A

about 70,000
Red and Fallow main
New South Wales and Victoria
New Zealand - about 1.2 million

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13
Q

What are the products from deer

A
  • venison
  • velvet
  • deer by-products (skins, tails, pizzles and sinews)
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14
Q

what are some characteristics of temperate species and differences with tropical species

A
  • Tight photoperiod for antler growth and reproduction.
    ○ Calve Nov / Dec
  • Wean before rut/roar (breeding season) (variable weaning)
  • Winter weight loss
  • Double coat / open coat (no winter coat)
  • Strong dominance hierarchy (less aggression)
  • Seasonal venison - European winter through to Easter (venison not seasonal)
  • mainly farmed (not farmed more hunted)
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15
Q

what are the main characteristics of deer and what does that mean for handling and fencing and what is herd size

A
  • athletic
    • territorial
    • intelligent
    • easily startled
      Handling - run as group, uphill, patience, cull rogue, familiarisation
      Fencing - high fences - 2m, yard - solid wall and roof
      herd size - 20-40
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16
Q

one stage with how many females, why wait until July/Sep to take stags out, how many times does valveting occur, at what age is venison sales

A
  • 1 male 20-40 females
  • stag out - later as need to wait for testosterone levels to decrease so don’t put back into pack together
  • two harvests when in soft stage
  • venison sales - take advantage of european winter - sold 12-15 months after weaning
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17
Q

what are buttons

A

when deer would normally shed last seasons antler (used as a weapon and display during breeding season - therefore grow in summer - peak hardness for autumn)
As we farm the antler - only disc left that falls off in September

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18
Q

female reproduction in deer

A
  • seasonal polyoestrus
  • puberty at 15 months
  • most conceive first oestrus of rut
  • twins rare
  • calving difficulty rare
  • 2nd and subsequent offspring heavier
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19
Q

what occurs with male reproduction in terms of physiological changing of the rut

A
  • neck hypertrophy
  • roar
  • antler calcification
  • aggression/territory
  • 30% body weight loss - forget to eat
  • March - July
20
Q

how to diagnose pregnancy

A

trans-rectal ultrasound generally not used - just assume pregnant

21
Q

velvet production when occur and who carriers it out

A
  • Amputation of live antler prior to calcification from male deer
  • Must be carried out under veterinary supervision with appropriate analgesia OR by a farmer accredited through the National Velvet Accreditation Scheme
22
Q

what occurs with velvetting and day length

A

daylight length
○ Increased daylight = decreased testosterone = cast and new growth
○ Decreased daylight = increased testosterone =shedding of velvet and calcification

23
Q

what is velvet harvesting called when does it grow, mature and cast (fall off)

A

cast - July/August
- when you would get the buttons
Growth Septemeber/Janurary
Maturation Jan/Feb

24
Q

procedure of velveting

A
  1. Sedation
  2. Analgesia
  3. Haemostasis
    - racing bike inner tube - wrap around to minimise bleeding
    ○ Figure of 8 around both pedicles
    - no more than 30 mins
    - place below pedicle
  4. Amputation
    - Saw (larger antlers) / secateurs
    - start laterally
    - careful to not rip velvet
  5. Aftercare
    - always bleeds
    - fly repellents
25
Q

what are the economics around deer

A

get about the same return as sheep and cattle farming however need large investment to begin with as specialised equipment is being used - special automated crush, fencing, yards

26
Q

what is the one species that isn’t farmed and where is catfish mainly farmed

A

tuna
has been but difficult to grow them so just caught in the wild
catfish - vietnam

27
Q

what are the two reasons there is an increase in need for fish

A

1) Population growth
2) Growing middle class in Asian countries
- Amount Individuals are eating fish is increasing
- Want higher quality of protein
Therefore need to farm the fish - cannot take from the wild

28
Q

how much of the worlds fish food production is aquaculture and what is the value of fish

A

over half
shrimp has increased in popularity and value
increase in research into diet, stocking rate but still need to produce a margin

29
Q

Aquaculture production what type of fish largest and what areas and countries produce the most

A

Freshwater fish - carps

Asia about 90% of world aquaculture production with China about 80% of total production then indonesia and india

30
Q

what are the 6 types of aquaculture areas and characteristics of them

A

1) Extensive - let nature take its course - stock water with fish and harvest a few years later
2) Intensive - provide full life support system for the fish - Tanks, provide water, oxygen, feed - take away if not eaten, remove faeces
3) Semi-intensive -
4) Closed - aquarium in the house
5) Open - totally wild
Semi open - some control over fish but not over the environment

31
Q

what are the good and bad things about extensive and intensive aquaculture systems

A

Extensive - low establishment costs but low production, also low production costs but low control
intensive - high establishment costs with high production and high production costs, also seed stock are domesticated
- important as fish are adapted to the tank environment and the commercial seed and grow better

32
Q

aquaculture what is stripping and how to grade fish and why important

A

stripping
- Kill the female and remove the eggs - eyed larvae
○ Need to test the female to diseases, if test positive for disease then destroy the eggs
- Dead eggs - fungus will grow and may spread to other eggs so need to remove
grading
- Small fish move through small holes/ bars (how far apart do you put these?)
- Larger fish cannot move through the holes - move to a different cage
- In hatchery need to ensure that the fish are the same size otherwise will eat each other

33
Q

what are the main fish grown in TAS, VIC, NSW, QLDS, NT, WA, SA

A 
TAS - salmon, oysters
VIC - mussels, murrary cod,
NSW - oysters, musselc, silver perch
QLDS - prawns, pearl oysters
NT - Pearl oysters, prawns
WA - mussels, scallops, pearl oysters 
SA - oysters, yellowtail kingfish 
Barramundi all but TAS
34
Q

aquaculture how long as hatching occur, how does smolt occur, what is the production cycle time and how harvest

A

hatching - 4 weeks
smolt - slowly add salt water to transport tanks
production cycle - 2 years
harvest - want 5Kg fish get from grading fish, use percussion stun after taken from water - less stress then cut aorta and bleed out

35
Q

What are yellowtail kingfish prone to and how to treat and how housed

A
  • Get external parasites - flukes (slow down growth)
    ○ Need to bathe with hydrogen peroxide (can be quite toxic) 7 day treatment
    Intensive system cages - port Linchon
36
Q

What states would have cage systems and what fish in them

A

Tasmania - atlantic salmon, rainbow trout
Northern territory - barramundi
South Australia - yellow belly kingfish, tuna
Western Australia - barramundi

37
Q

what factors that the farmer can control affect growth rate of samon

A

1) genetics - if own hatchery
2) diseases - to an extent still are wild fish
3) nutrition - in the diet feed company but feed management total control
4) stocking density
5) predator attacks -design of the cages

38
Q

what are the problems with overfeeding and list ways in which you should be able to tell

A

1) wastage in terms of feed
2) accumulate within the cage and causes water quality issues
1) compare feed requirement of the amount of fish have and the amount of feed given to the fish - industry standard
2) observe the fish and their behaviour while feeding - are they coming to the surface
3) observe build up of feed under cages

39
Q

why is mould on fish feed bad

A

1) means the feed is moist
2) moulds can have toxins that can make the fish sick
3) worry about other nutritional elements of the feed - protein, vitamin C, antioxidants

40
Q

commercial feed for fish what are you told and what is important with protein

A

use least cost formulation and not told what specifically is put into diet just % protein

1) how digestible is that protein
2) proportion of essential amino acids

41
Q

Why are fish better converters of feed to meat than terrestrial animals

A

1) energy requirements for basic metabolism is far lower
2) energy required to fight gravity - not needed for fish
3) ammonia is efficient as removing nitrogen waste

42
Q

lipids in fish diet what dependent on and what else does it provide

A

dependent on source of essential fatty acids

1) taste
2) antioxidants

43
Q

what occurs to the farm or fish when

1) too much energy compared to protein
2) too much protein compared with energy

A

1) more fat less muscle

2) wastage cost

44
Q

Feed conversion ratio (FCR) what is it and what can cause it to increase

A
  • amount of feed a farmer feeds fish divided by the amount of fish grow- efficiency of the feed
    could be over or under feeding fish
  • condition score the fish to determine
45
Q

List 6 things that can effect Feed conversion ration in fish

A

1) genetics
2) feed management- over feeding, under feeding
3) water quality
4) the composition of the diet - digestibility
5) disease issues
6) husbandry- stocking rates

Semester 2 (17 decks)

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