Production systems 8 - 12 Flashcards
what does the equine industry contribute to the economy annually
$6.3 billion
what are the 5 important issues within the equine industry
1) infectious disease threats
2) environmental issues
3) welfare
4) medication control
5) human occupational health and safety
Equine industry quarantine , threats to Aus,
2 weeks in country of origin and another 2 weeks in Australia
○ Threats - African horse sickness, equine influenza, vesicular stomatitis
- Equine influenza - outbreak in 2007 and then eradicated
Hendra Virus in australia, how works, history and problem
- fatal and endemic disease
- Carried through fruit bats - spread via urine and birthing fluid gets into horse feed bins
- Infected 100 horses to date - euthanized
- Zoonotic from horses - 7 people infected, 4 people have died
- Acute onset of respiratory signs and/or neurological signs - wear full protection
- Vaccination available from 2012 - uptake is quite low about 30% - social media
- Disease only in QLD and NSW to date but seropositive fruit bats present in VIC and SA - only matter of time before
what are the 3 main problems with pets within the community
1) Dog bites -
2) nuisance animals- noisy animals
3) impact on wildlife
What governments are involved with pets and the important acts
State and local laws (local councils mainly involved with own variations)
Domestic Animals Act (1994) and the Domestic Animals Regulations (2015) and the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act (1986)
What are the 9 obligation of dog owners in Victoria
1) Ensure your dog is microchipped
2. Register your dog with the local council
3. Follow any relevant local laws with regard to desexing
4. Keep your dog under control when walking itand obey any council orders about having your dog on a leash or disposing of your dog’s droppings
5. Keep your dog confined to your property at other times
6. Make sure your dog doesn’t bark persistently
7. Stop your dog straying onto another person’s property
8. Prevent your dog chasing or attacking people or other animals
9. Care adequately for your dog - Code of Practice for the Private Keeping of Dogs
Define a menacing and dangerous dog
Menacing dog - due to it rushing or chasing a person, or causing a non-serious bite injury to a person or animal
Dangerous dog - caused the death of or serious injury to a person or animal by biting or attacking
What are the requirements of owning a menacing dog
· Must be microchipped and council informed of microchip number
· May be required to be muzzled whilst outside the owner’s dwelling
· May be required to be on a lead whilst outside the owner’s dwelling
· Must notify the Council within 24 hours if:
o the dog is missing
o the ownership of the dog changes
what are the requirements of owning a dangerous dogs
· Must be microchipped and council informed of microchip number
· Must be desexed
· Must wear a prescribed collar at all times
· Owner must display prescribed warning signs at all entrances to the premises where the dog is kept
· When indoors or in an outdoor enclosure, the dog must be housed in such a way that it cannot escape, and that prevents it from injuring visitors to the premises.
· Must be muzzled and on a lead whilst it is outside the owner’s dwelling and the dog’s enclosure.
· Must notify the Council within 24 hours if:
o the dog is missing
the ownership of the dog changes
Restricted breeds define, breed is important and what occurs
Restricted breed dogs are those deemed to be inherently aggressive and therefore more likely to pose a danger to the community
The only significant one in Victoria is Pit Bulls
- extra security arrangements at home, being muzzled and leashed at all times when in public, mandatory desexing and a prohibition on breeding
- A dog that is identified by a council officer as a Pit Bull that cannot be registered may be seized and ultimately euthanased, solely on the basis of its breed
what are the obligations for cat owners in Victoria
- If you own a cat you must:
- ensure your cat is microchipped
- register your cat with the local council
- follow any relevant local laws with regard to desexing
- follow any relevant local laws which apply regarding movement restrictions on cats e.g. in the Shire of Yarra Ranges cats must be on the owner’s property at all times
- stop your cat straying onto another person’s property
- care adequately for your cat - Code of Practice for the Private Keeping of Cats
Where are the majority of dogs bought
· Breeder (30%) · Friend or neighbour (20%) · Pet shop (16%) · Animal shelter (15%) · Other 19% ?? Online - education is needed
where are the majority of cats bought
Animal shelter (38%)
- Friends or neighbours (38%)
- Adoptedstray cats(24%)
There are three requirements for diseases to spread in kennels and shelters
(1) a source of infection sufficient to cause disease (pathogen); - constant new arrivals of animals
(2) a susceptible host; - animals in shelters quite stressed
(3) a mode of transmission of the infection to another host for disease to continue-
What are 5 common modes of transmission in shelter environment
i. Direct transmission involves a body surface of one animal contacting a body surface of another.
ii. Indirect transmission (also known as fomite transmission) - a susceptible host contacts a contaminated inanimate object (often hands)
Iii. Droplet transmission occurs when small, infectious droplets that do not remain suspended in air travel a short distance through the air and land on the host’s mucosal surfaces
Iv. Airborne transmission occurs when infectious residue from dried droplets or dust remains suspended, able to travel distances through the air. Lastly,
v. vector transmission when another living animal serves as an intermediary to transmit diseases to the next animal (e.g., a mosquito or a rodent).
What are the 3 main aims of infectious disease control programs
1) Minimise host susceptibility - nutrition, pain control, avoid overcrowding, limit stress
2) Optimise every animal’s ability to resist disease - vaccinate and worm every animal on entry - unless
3) Decrease likelihood of exposure to problem pathogens
What are important features of shelters
1) facility design - quarantine of incoming animals - quarantine for 8 days, isolation of animals with infectious diseases
2) area where people come to adopt animals enter through different entrance
3) work flow and hygiene protocols, healthy resident animals who have completed quarantine should be handled before the isolation cases - separate staff is possible
4) staff training
what is the main problems with cats and dogs in shelters in terms of disease
Cats - feline respiratory ‘cat flu’
Dog - parvo and canine cough
What are the 7 classifications of dogs by kennel council and examples
1) toy breeds - smallest - pug
2) terriers - hunting - jack russel
3) gun dogs - Labrador retrievers
4) hounds - 1. whippet 2. dachshund
5) working dogs - border collie
6) utility dogs - guardian or rescue
7) non-sporting dogs - poodles
how to classify dogs based upon size
Very small - up to 4Kg
Small - 4-11Kg
Medium 11-22Kg
Large 22-45Kg
List the 4 diseases of certain breeds
1) Brachycephalic syndrome - anatomical features
2) skin fold pyoderma - shar peis have very loose skin ideal for bacterial growth
3) Cavalier King Charles Spaniels and mitral valve disease (MVD) - 50% affected by 5 years
4) Von Willibrand’s disease and Dobermans - normal platelet binding
diet for dogs what need and food to avoid
- complete, commercial dog food
- Raw meaty bones - good for dental health
- Onions
- Chocolate - GI signs, neurological signs, theobromine - related to coffee - more contained in darker chocolate
- Coffee - theobromine substance again
- Cooked bones - can splinter in gastrointestinal tract and can perforate intestines
- Fatty foods - pancreatitis
- Mouldy foods - gouge the food and make themselves sicks
What are the 3 core vaccines for dogs and the common non-core vaccine
1) Distemper - canine distemper virus
2) Hepatitis - canine adenovirus type 1
3) Parvo - parvovirus
Common non-core vaccines used in Australia - canine cough - kennel cough
Two strains:
1) Canine parainfluenza virus
2) Bordetella bronchiseptica
What is the annual vaccination protocol for dogs
6-8wks- Distemper, Hepatitis and Parvovirus (C3)
12-14wks - C3 + Parainfluenza virus and Bordetella bronchiseptica (C5)
16-18wks- C5 (core and non-core common vaccines)
12 months after 3rd puppy vaccination then annually: C5
what is the triennial vaccination protocol for dogs
6-8wks- Distemper, Hepatitis and Parvovirus ,Parainfluenza virus and Bordetella bronchiseptica (C5)
10-12 wks - C5
12 months after 3rd puppy vaccination - C5
Following 2 years - Parainfluenza virus, Bordetella bronchiseptica
3rd year C5
What are the 5 gastrointestinal parasites involved with dogs and which most important
Roundworms – (mostly Toxocara canis) greatest concern in young puppies as can be transferred in utero or in milk
Hookworms – attach to wall of SI and feed on blood - black tarry faces
Whipworms – attach to the wall of LI
Tapeworms – may see segments in faeces.
what is the treatment protocol for dog gastrointestinal parasites
- Dogs should be treated every 2 weeks until 12 weeks, then monthly until 6 months, then 3 monthly for life
What do roundworms do
- Ingested eggs hatch in the intestine and migrate around the body causing internal lesions.
○ In the worst cases, the worms can block the artery that supplies blood to the retina of the eye.
○ Children seem to be more prone to this as less hygienic
what do hookworms do
- Hookworm eggs are shed in infected dog (or other animal) faeces to the ground and beach sand, where they then develop over a period of 1–2 weeks into the infectious larval form.
- The filariform larvae can burrow through intact skin but can only penetrate the upper dermis and thus create the typical wormlike burrows visible underneath the skin.
what are the 2 main prevention for heartworm and what if forget
2 major choices
- Annual injection - expensive
- Monthly treatment (oral or tropical)
If forget to treat - need to get tested as if have active infection then problem when use preventative measures
fleas what are the two main types of treatments
Comfortis - for active infection - instant emergency action
Advocate - longer term management
what is involved with desexing female dogs and what are the 3 main reasons to spay
Surgery is an ovariohysterectomy – removal of ovaries and uterus.
Usually done around 6 months
3 main reasons to spay:
1) prevention of pregnancy
2) prevention of pyometra - bacterial infection of the uterus, can become very unwell
3) significantly reduced risk of mammary tumours if spayed early - may have already developed if spay late
what is involved with desexing males and reasons to castrate
- Surgery is an orchectomy – removal of testes.
- Done at about 6 months - need to ensure drop both testes
1) prevention of unwanted offspring
2) prevention of testicular tumours
3) Decrease of aggression and roaming
4) Decrease in prostate and perianal tumours
