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BIOL 2010 > Respiratory System pt 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory System pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the levels of gas exchange

A

external and internal respiration

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2
Q

what are the parts to external respiration

A
  • pulmonary (air in and out of lungs thru bulk flow)
  • O2 and CO2 exchange bw air spaces in lungs and blood by diffusion
  • CO2 and O2 transport bw lungs and body tissues via heart and circulatory system
  • O2 and CO2 exchange bw blood and tissues
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3
Q

describe internal respiration

A

cellular respiration in mitochondria (oxidative phosphorylation mechanism)

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4
Q

draw out a flowchart of air to lungs and blood with main transport steps

A

….

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5
Q

describe bulk flow

A

transport mechanism to let air move in and out of lungs

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6
Q

describe inspiration

A

pressure in lungs < atmospheric pressure so air comes in by suction

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7
Q

describe expiration

A

pressure in lungs > atmospheric pressure which makes air go out

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8
Q

what is the direction air moves (gradient)

A

high to low pressure

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9
Q

why does ventilation happen

A

due to pressure gradients bw alveoli and outside air (atmosphere)

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10
Q

what is FRC

A
  • functional residual capacity
  • volume of air in lungs bw breaths
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11
Q

what are the types of pulmonary pressures

A
  • atmospheric
  • intrapleural
  • intra-alveolar
  • transpulmonary
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12
Q

describe atmospheric pressure (P atm)

A
  • ↓ as altitude ↑
  • ↑ underwater
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13
Q

describe intrapleural pressure (P ip)

A
  • pressure inside pleural sac (membrane that folds on itself in lungs to make a sac)
  • always - under normal conditions bc lungs would collapse
  • changes with phase of respiration but always negative during normal breathing bc of elasticity in lungs and chest wall
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14
Q

describe intra-alveolar pressure (P alv)

A
  • pressure of air in alveoli (air sacs in lungs at end of “tree branches”)
  • changes with phase of respiration
  • neg during inspiration
  • pos during expiration
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15
Q

describe transpulmonary pressure (P alv - P ip)

A
  • distending pressure force across lung wall
  • ↑ in this leads to ↑ in distending pressure across lungs
  • makes alveoli to expand and ↑ volume
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16
Q

draw out arrows to represent the direction of elastic forces at FRC for lung, pleural sac, and chest wall

A

elastic recoil of lung pushes inward (volume of air at functional residual capacity)

elastic recoil of lung pushes outward

pleural sac has forces pushing in both directions

net force is 0

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17
Q

what is pneumothorax

A
  • when air collects outside lung but inside the pleural cavity
  • can happen from puncture wound to chest
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18
Q

define spontaneous pneumothorax

A
  • caused by disease rather than trauma
  • diseases like pneumonia and emphysema damage pleura next to bronchus/alveolus causing air to enter intrapleural space
  • results in lung collapsing
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19
Q

define boyle’s law

A

for given amt of gas in airtight container, pressure is inversely related to volume

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20
Q

why may there be resistance to air flow in the body

A
  • airway radius
  • presence of mucous
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21
Q

how can we calculate flow rate

A

(Patm - Palv)/R where R is airflow resistance

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22
Q

what are some factors affecting intra-alveolar pressure

A
  • quantity of air in alveoli
  • volume of alveoli
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23
Q

what are the determinants of intra-alveolar pressure

A
  • lung expansion
  • lung recoil
  • quantity/volume factors
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24
Q

what happens to alveolar volume during lung expansion

A
  • increase in volume which leads to decrease in P alv
  • pressure gradient drives air into lungs (inspiration)
25
Q

what happens to alveolar volume during lung recoil

A
  • decrease in volume which leads to increase in P alv
  • pressure gradient drives air out of lungs (expiration)
26
Q

label the respiratory muscles

A

….

27
Q

what are the inspiratory muscles; expiratory muscles

A

insp: external intercostal muscles, diaphragm

exp: internal intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles

28
Q

what are the mechanisms of passive and active expiration

A
  • passive: elastic recoil of lungs
  • active: abdominal and internal intercostal
29
Q

the internal and external intercostal muscles run in __________ directions. why is that important?

A

different; confers 2 different functions (external expand ribcage and increase volume of thoracic cavity to bring air to lungs; internal decrease volume of thoracic cavity and abdominal muscles, pushing air out of lungs)

30
Q

draw out the respiratory muscles and how they are affected during inspiration and expiration

A

insp: external intercostals and diaphragm contracts, chest wall and lungs expand, expansion of ribs moves sternum upward and outward

exp: external intercostals and diaphragm relax, chest cavity and lungs contract, ribs and sternum depress

31
Q

what triggers inspiration

A

neural stimulation of inspiratory muscles and contraction(?) of external intercostals which allows for passive recoil of chest wall

32
Q

what are the factors affecting pulmonary ventilation

A
  • lung compliance
  • airway resistance
33
Q

describe lung compliance; why is it better to have larger lung compliance

A
  • ease that lungs can be stretched with;
  • smaller change in transpulmonary pressure needed to bring in a given volume of air and easier to inspire
34
Q

what can affect lung compliance, why?

A
  • elasticity (more elastic = less compliant)
  • lung surface tension (↑ surface tension = ↓ lung compliance)
35
Q

define surfactant

A

fluid that can ↓ surface tension (detergent-like)

36
Q

how can the lungs overcome surface tension

A
  • surfactant secreted from type 2 cells in alveolar walls
  • ↑ lung compliance
37
Q

what are the factors affecting airway resistance

A
  • passive forces (short-term)
  • contractile activity of smooth muscle (long-term)
  • mucus secretion
38
Q

define distension

A

airways open from pulling of tissues moving away from airways

39
Q

simply describe passive forces

A

changes in transpulmonary pressure during respiratory cycle

40
Q

what does expiration do as a passive force

A

↑ resistance b/c of recoil

41
Q

what does inspiration do as a passive force

A

transpulmonary pressure ↑ which pulls outward on airways that makes airways expand and ↓ resistance

42
Q

describe inspiration as a tractive force

A

causes distension (airways pulled open as tissues move away from airways)

43
Q

what does expiration do as a tractive force

A

↑ resistance due to removal of tractive forces (airways closing down a little bit)

44
Q

define bronchoconstriction

A

smooth muscle constriction happens which ↓ bronchiole radius

45
Q

define bronchodilation

A

smooth muscle relaxes which causes causes bronchiole radius to ↓

46
Q

how can bronchiolar smooth muscle impact airway resistance

A

thru bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation

47
Q

describe the extrinsic control of bronchiole radius

A
  • neural and hormonal
  • in ANS (parasymp. and sympathetic)
  • epinephrine causes bronchodilation
48
Q

describe the intrinsic control of bronchiole radius

A
  • thru local chemical signals (histamine and CO2)
49
Q

how do the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems help with extrinsic control of bronchiole radii

A
  • sympathetic: relaxation of smooth muscle
  • parasympathetic: contraction of smooth muscle
50
Q

how does histamine play a role with intrinsic control of bronchiole radii

A
  • bronchoconstriction
  • released during asthma and allergies
  • ↑ mucous secretion
51
Q

how does CO2 play a role with intrinsic control of bronchiole radii

A
  • bronchodilation (at ↑ levels)
  • bronchoconstriction (at ↓ levels)
52
Q

describe tidal volume

A

amt of air taken in and out of lungs in a single, unforced breath

53
Q

describe inspiratory reserve volume

A

volume that you can still breathe in after normal breathing in

54
Q

describe expiratory reserve volume

A

volume you can still expire after breathing out

55
Q

describe residual volume

A
  • volume left after expiratory reserve volume
  • measurable by helium dilution method
56
Q

what is tlc

A
  • total lung capacity
  • volume of air in lungs after maximum inspiration
57
Q

what is frc

A
  • functional residual capacity
  • volume remaining after resting tidal volume (ERV+RV)
58
Q

what is vc

A
  • vital capacity
  • maximum volume expired after maximum inspiration (VT+IRV+ERV)
59
Q

what is ic

A
  • inspiratory capacity
  • VT+IRV

BIOL 2010 (18 decks)

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