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BIOL 2010 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

how can we categorize endocrine organs

A

into 2 types: primary organs/glands and secondary organs

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2
Q

what are the secondary endocrine organs

A

heart, stomach, kidney, liver, skin, small intestine

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3
Q

what are the primary endocrine structures

A

hypothalamus; pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, thymus, pancreas, gonads

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4
Q

what is the anterior lobe derived from

A

epithelial tissue

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5
Q

what is the posterior lobe derived from

A

neural tissue

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6
Q

describe the neural connection b/w hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland

A

posterior lobe has neural tissue with axon terminals of neurons that originate in the hypothalamus

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7
Q

what do the neural endings in the posterior tube secrete

A

neurohormones (peptide hormones)

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8
Q

provide examples of neural endings in the posterior lobe that secrete neurohormones

A
  • supraoptic nuclei secrete oxytocin
  • paraventricular nuclei secrete ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
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9
Q

describe the neurosecretory reflex

A

neurons release hormones using exocytosis when they receive a signal

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10
Q

what is the function of ADH

A
  • stands for antidiuretic hormone but also called vasopressin
  • responsible for water balance and osmolarity (target cells in kidney)
  • release stimulated by increase in plasma solute concentration
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11
Q

what is the function of oxytocin

A
  • responsible for uterine contractions and milk release (target cells in uterus and breasts)
  • release stimulated by pressure in uterus and sucking from baby
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12
Q

what are tropic hormones; how can they be classfied

A
  • hormones that regulate secretion of other hormones
  • stimulating, inhibiting
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13
Q

draw the signalling pathway flow of tropic hormones in hypothalamus

A
  • hypothalamus release tropic hormone
  • second tropic hormone released from anterior pituitary gland
  • third hormone released from another endocrine gland
  • target cells respond
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14
Q

describe the importance of the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system

A
  • provides direct delivery of tropic hormones to target cell in anterior pituitary
  • lets tropic hormones to remain more concentrated which has a greater effect on hormone release
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15
Q

draw out the feedback loops that regulate multistep pathways of hormone release

A

….

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16
Q

draw out the regulation of cortisol release, label the tropic hormone(s) and explain why this is long loop negative feedback

A

….

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17
Q

describe the pineal gland

A
  • glandular tissue in brain
  • secretes melatonin
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18
Q

what is the importance of melatonin

A
  • circadian rhythms (maybe)
  • timing of seasonal processes in mammals
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19
Q

what are the hormones in the thyroid gland and what do they do

A
  • tetraiodothyronine (T4)
  • triiodothyronine (T3)
  • regulate metabolism
  • calcitonin
  • regulates calcium levels in blood
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20
Q

what hormone is released by the parathyroid glands and what does it do

A
  • parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  • regulates calcium levels in blood by acting on bones, kidneys, intestines to increase blood calcium
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21
Q

what hormone is released by the thymus gland and what does it do

A
  • thymosin
  • important for immunity
  • maturation of T lymphocytes
22
Q

what are the layers of the adrenal glands top to bottom

A

capsule, zona glomerulosa, zone fasciculuta, zona reticularis, adrenal medulla

23
Q

what is an adrenocorticoid

A
  • hormones secreted collectively from adrenal cortex
  • all are steroid hormones
  • different types
24
Q

what are three types of adrenocorticoids

A
  • mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
  • glucocorticoids (cortisol)
  • sex hormones (androgens)
25
Q

where are mineralocorticoids secreted from and what do they do

A
  • zona glomerulosa
  • regulates sodium and potassium levels
26
Q

where are glucocorticoids secreted from and what do they do

A
  • zona fasciculata and reticularis
  • regulates body’s response to stress and also regulates metabolism
27
Q

where are sex hormones released from

A
  • zona fasciculata and reticularis
  • regulate reproductive function
28
Q

describe the adrenal medulla

A
  • contains chromaffin cells
  • secretes catecholamines (80% epinephrine; 20% norepinephrine; less than 1% dopamine)
  • neurally controlled
29
Q

what are the components of the exocrine pancreas

A
  • acinar cells
  • duct cells
30
Q

what are the components of the endocrine pancreas

A
  • exocrine pancreas layer (islets of Langerhans make up whole)
  • alpha cell (glucagon)
  • beta cells (insulin)
  • delta cell (somatostatin)
  • F cell (pancreatic polypeptide)
31
Q

describe the gonads

A
  • ovaries and testes
  • have endocrine and nonendocrine functions
32
Q

describe endocrine functions of the gonads

A
  • male: secreting androgens, testosterone, androstenedione
  • female: estrodiol, progesterone
33
Q

describe nonendocrine functions of the gonads

A

ova and sperm production

34
Q

what does the concentration of free hormone in blood depend on

A
  • rate of hormone secretion
  • amount of hormone bound to plasma proteins
  • rate of hormone metabolism
35
Q

what does rate of hormone secretion depend on

A
  • release of chemical messages by cells at variable rates
  • neural and humoral signals influence increase and decrease rate of secretion
  • whether its an ongoing process or not
36
Q

how do neural signals regulate hormone secretion

A
  • directly
  • using hypothalamus (w/ tropic hormones); posterior pituitary (w/ ADH and oxytocin); adrenal medulla (w/ epinephrine)
37
Q

describe hormone actions during stress

A

neural signals travel to hypothalamus which triggers CRH release, anterior pituitary releases ACTH and adrenal cortex releases cortisol

38
Q

what are the categories of humoral signals

A

hormones, ions, metabolites

39
Q

describe the regulation of blood glucose levels

A

blood glucose increases which causes insulin release in pancreas beta cells and glucose uptake in all cells through body which decreases blood glucose levels (negative feedback)

40
Q

describe the regulation of blood potassium levels

A

blood potassium increases which causes aldosterone release in adrenal cortex and potassium excretion in kidneys which causes blood potassium to go down (negative feedback)

41
Q

describe hydrophilic hormones

A
  • dissolve in plasma
  • EX peptides, catecholamines
42
Q

describe hydrophobic hormones

A
  • transport in blood bound to carrier proteins
  • only free hormones bind to receptors and have ability to be metabolized
  • longer half-life
43
Q

what are examples of abnormal hormone secretion

A
  • hypersecretion
  • hyposecretion
44
Q

describe primary hypersecretion of cortisol

A
  • abnormality in endocrine gland that secretes hormone
  • there is excess cortisol secretion which means that there are decreased levels of ACTH and CRH but regulation is inadequate and won’t help to bring cortisol down (negative feedback)
45
Q

describe secondary hypersecretion of cortisol

A
  • abnormality with endocrine cells of anterior pituitary or hypothalamus which secrete tropic hormone
  • EX excess ACTH in ant pit which causes excess cortisol secretion in adrenal gland which also leads to CRH decrease but none of the 2 regulations are enough to bring the ACTH back down
46
Q

what are the ways a hormone can interact

A

antagonism, additive effect, synergism, permissiveness

47
Q

describe antagonism

A

effects of hormones opposing e/o (glucagon vs insulin)

48
Q

describe additive effect

A

net effect equals sum of individual effects

49
Q

describe synergism

A

effects of 2 hormones favour e/o but net effect exceeds sum of individual effects

50
Q

describe permissiveness

A

one hormone is needed for another to exert its effects (thyroid hormones needed for expression of beta adrenergic receptors in bronchiolar smooth muscle)

BIOL 2010 (18 decks)

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