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BIOL 2010 > Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the types of digestion

A

mechanical and chemical

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2
Q

what are the stages of nutrient intake

A

digestion (mechanical and chemical), absorption

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3
Q

what are two factors that can help with digestion and absorption

A

motility and secretion

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4
Q

label the organs of the GI system

A

main points: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, rectum, anus

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5
Q

label the accessory glands of the GI system

A

main points: liver, salivary glands, gallbladder, pancreas

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6
Q

what are the main layers of the GI tract wall

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

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7
Q

draw a diagram of the GI tract wall with the main parts

A

….

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8
Q

what are the functions of the mouth

A
  • chewing
  • lubrication and breakdown of food with saliva
  • (tongue) manipulation of food
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9
Q

describe the stomach and its function

A
  • swelling of esophagus
  • has gastric pits with secretory cells
  • acidic
  • chemical and mechanical digestion (chyme)
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10
Q

what are the secretory cells of stomach gastric pits

A

neck, chief, parietal, G-cells

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11
Q

what is the stomach lining protected by

A

gastric mucosal barrier

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12
Q

draw a diagram showing the anatomy of the stomach

A

….

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13
Q

what are neck cells responsible for

A

secretion of mucus

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14
Q

what are chief cells responsible for

A

secretion of pepsinogen

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15
Q

what are parietal cells responsible for

A

secretion of acid

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16
Q

what are the divisions of the small intestine (start to end)

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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17
Q

what is the purpose of the ascending, descending, transverse colon

A

absorption of water and ions from chyme

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18
Q

what is the purpose of the sigmoid colon

A

storage

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19
Q

what are the divisions of the colon

A

ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid

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20
Q

antibiotics are a type of medicine that can kill harmful bacteria from infections; however, it can also kill good bacteria that is present in the body. how will this affect the body and how can this bacteria be re-accounted for?

A
  • microbiome important for digesting fibre, and producing vitamin K (blood clotting; form and maintain bone structure) and B7 (body system support –> hair, skin, eyes, liver, nervous system)
  • taking probiotics (yogurt, kombucha, kefir)
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21
Q

describe carbohydrate digestion

A
  • salivary and pancreatic amylase limitedly break down polysaccharides
  • resulting products are digested by brush border enzymes in small intestine
  • only monosaccharides are absorbed by body
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22
Q

why are amylases limited in their ability to digest polysaccharides

A

amylases can’t break polysaccharide bonds at branch points (limit dextrins) or between glucose monomers at the very end of the chain (disaccharides)

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23
Q

what are the brush border enzymes

A
  • dextrinase
  • glucoamylase
  • sucrase
  • lactase
  • maltase
24
Q

what does dextrinase breakdown, and what is the resulting product

A

limit dextrins → glucose

25
Q

what does glucoamylase breakdown, and what is the resulting product

A

polysaccharides → glucose

26
Q

what does sucrase breakdown, and what is the resulting product

A

sucrose → fructose + glucose

27
Q

what does lactase breakdown, and what is the resulting product

A

lactose → galactose + glucose

28
Q

what does maltase breakdown, and what is the resulting product

A

maltose → 2 glucoses

29
Q

define absorption

A

transport of nutrients from lumen to blood

30
Q

what are the way(s) that glucose is absorbed by the body

A
  • co-transport with sodium across apical membrane
  • facilitated diffusion across basolateral
31
Q

what are the way(s) that galactose is absorbed by the body

A
  • co-transport with sodium across apical membrane
  • facilitated diffusion across basolateral membrane
32
Q

what are the way(s) that fructose is absorbed by the body

A

facilitated diffusion across both membranes

33
Q

draw a diagram of the brush border between the lumen and capillary that depicts how maltose is digested and absorbed

A

….

34
Q

what are the enzymes that digest proteins

A

endopeptidases and exopeptidases

35
Q

how do endopeptidases digest proteins

A

by splitting polypeptides at interior peptide bonds into small peptide fragments

36
Q

how do exopeptidases digest proteins

A

by cleaving amino acids from one end of the polypeptide

37
Q

describe protein digestion

A
  • started by pepsin converted from pepsinogen and acidity in stomach
  • pancreatic proteases in small intestine, and brush border enzyme enterokinase complete protein digestion into amino acids, di, and tri peptides
38
Q

what is a zymogen

A

inactive form of a substance that converts into an enzyme when activated (by another enzyme)

39
Q

what does trypsinogen convert into when active and how

A
  • trypsin
  • enterokinase
40
Q

what does chymotrypsinogen convert into and how

A
  • chymotrypsin
  • trypsin
41
Q

what does procoarboxypeptidase convert into and how

A
  • carboxypeptidase
  • trypsin
42
Q

draw out how small peptides and amino acids are able to absorb thru the apical membrane/basolateral membrane

A

….

43
Q

why is it more difficult to digest and absorb lipids

A
  • non-water soluble
  • don’t mix with stomach or intestinal contents
  • make fat large droplets
44
Q

what enzymes are able to digest lipids in small intestine

A

ligual lipase, gastric lipase, pancreatic lipase

45
Q

describe ligual lipase

A

lipase enzyme in saliva and remains active in stomach

46
Q

describe gastric lipase

A

lipase enzyme secreted into the gastric lumen

47
Q

describe pancreatic lipase

A

lipase enzyme that mixes with chyme in small intestine

48
Q

how are bile salts able to help with lipid droplet digestion

A
  • surface area increases due to emulsification which helps more lipid to expose to water
  • exposure to water on edges makes a polar coating that helps lipid to mix better in water
49
Q

describe bile salts

A
  • amphipathic molecule w hydrophilic polar groups on one side of molecule and other side is hydrophobic
  • synthesized in liver from cholesterol
  • secreted in bile to duodenum
50
Q

draw out how pancreatic lipase works to free fatty acids and monoglycerides from fat droplets

A

….

51
Q

how do free fatty acids and monoglycerides absorb into the body

A

thru simple diffusion into intestinal cells

52
Q

how are bile salts recycled

A

by liver using enterohepatic circulation

53
Q

water absorption is considered a(n) ____________ process

A

passive

54
Q

how do free fatty acids enter circulation

A
  • enter smooth ER first and re-form into triglycerides and other lipids
  • lipids enter Golgi and become chylomicrons (enterocyte that made triglyceride-rich lipoprotein)
  • chylomicrons secreted by exocytosis from basolateral membrane into interstitial fluid
  • chylomicrons enter lymphatic system thru lacteal and eventually enter circulation
55
Q

why do fat droplets shrink as they move thru intestine

A

by action of pancreatic lipase

BIOL 2010 (18 decks)

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