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BIOL 2010 > Central Nervous System pt 1 > Flashcards

Central Nervous System pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the basic parts included in the CNS

A

brain and spinal cord b/c it is the central nervous system

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2
Q

describe the physical support of the CNS

A

extensive bone and connective tissue, CSF

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3
Q

describe the meninges

A
  • type of membrane connective tissue continuous to spinal cord
  • 2 names to distinguish regions (cranial [head] and spinal [spinal cord])
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4
Q

what are the layers of the meninges, and mention their location relative to another

A
  • dura mater (outer)
  • arachnoid mater (middle)
  • pia mater (inner)
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5
Q

what is the purpose of arachnoid villi

A

they reabsorb cerebrospinal fluid

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6
Q

what is CSF

A

cerebrospinal fluid which cushions and circulates in and around CNS for a regulated extracellular environment for the neurons

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7
Q

compare plasma and CSF

A

extremely similar except CSF:
- lacks proteins
- high in Cl- ions
- low in Ca+2, K+ ions

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8
Q

where does the CSF circulate

A

through ventricles and in subarachnoid space (between pia mater and arachnoid membrane)
- in and around brain

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9
Q

what are the spaces called within the brain

A
  • lateral ventricles
  • third ventricle
  • fourth ventricle
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10
Q

what produces CSF

A

choroid plexus

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11
Q

how is that our brains don’t ‘explode’ from too much CSF

A

rate of production by choroid plexus is same as rate of absorption by arachnoid villi into blood

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12
Q

what is a stroke

A

decreased blood supply to brain, leading to organ failure, paralyzation, and possible death

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13
Q

describe the types of strokes

A
  • occlusion of cerebral blood vessel
  • hemorrhage from cerebral blood vessel
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14
Q

why is blood crucial for the brain

A

dependent for its energy and nutrients which makes it sensitive to interruptions in blood flow

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15
Q

the brain has a _______ metabolic rate

A

high

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16
Q

what is the blood-brain barrier

A

physical barrier between blood and CSF b/c of tight junctions between the endothelial cells of capillaries

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17
Q

what is the purpose of the blood brain barrier

A

protect CNS from possible harmful substances in blood due to tight junctions

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18
Q

which molecules are able to diffuse through capillaries in brain, which aren’t?

A

hydrophobic molecules can diffuse, but hydrophillic molecules cannot due to blood brain barrier

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19
Q

describe the main difference(s) between a typical capillary and brain capillary

A

typical cap. has pores due to space between endothelial cells, whilst brain cap. has tight junctions

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20
Q

how can select hydrophillic solutes diffuse through the blood-brain barrier, include examples of solutes

A

carrier mediated transport; glucose, insulin, amino acids, choline

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21
Q

what are the types of communication fibres in the brain

A

association, commissural, projection

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22
Q

what is grey matter; what types of actions does it focus on

A
  • butterfly shape in brain
  • has axon terminals, neural cell bodies, dendrites, and nerve synapses
  • focuses more on motor actions
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23
Q

what is white matter

A
  • has bundled myelinated axons
  • sensory actions
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24
Q

function of association fibres

A

connect one part to another in one half of the brain (either left or right hemisphere)

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25
Q

function of commissural fibres

A

connect one area of the brain to the same area across the hemisphere

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26
Q

function of projection fibres

A

connect one area of brain to a lower area OR to the spinal cord
- will often cross sides
- neurally connected

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27
Q

what is corpus collosum

A

connects right and left sides of brain (where you can find commissural fibres)

28
Q

what are the functional halves of gray matter

A

dorsal (sensory) and ventral (motor)

29
Q

what is one way to identify which side is the dorsal horn and which is the ventral horn on a diagram

A

dorsal side will have swelled cell body

30
Q

what does the dorsal horn consist of

A

axon terminal, swelled cell body, dorsal root, dorsal root ganglion, afferent axons

31
Q

what does the ventral horn consist of

A

cell body, efferent axon, ventral root

32
Q

what axon(s) does a spinal nerve have

A

afferent and efferent (therefore called mixed nerves)

33
Q

white matter is able to form communication between different levels of spinal cord and brain through__________. what are the types

A

tracts; ascending (spinal to brain) and descending (brain to spinal)

34
Q

explain what the lateral spinothalamic tract may communicate

A

getting hurt and feeling pain

35
Q

explain what the pyramidal tracts (later and anterior) may communicate

A

cramping of finger that needs to be stretched

36
Q

describe the role of analgesic systems during stress

A

blocks synaptic transmission between pain-transmitting afferent neuron and interneurons in spinal cord
-blocking of pain signal to brain prevents perception of pain stimulus (survival mechanism)

37
Q

what are the main parts of the brain structure

A

forebrain, cerebellum, brainstem

38
Q

what are the subdivisions of the forebrain

A

cerebrum and diencephalon (which divides into thalamus and hypothalamus which has suprachiasmatic nucleus)

39
Q

what are the subdivisions of the brainstem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

40
Q

describe the cerebellum and its functions

A
  • bilaterally symmetrical, has cortex and nuclei
  • motor coordination, balance, hand-eye coordination
41
Q

what does the nuclei refer to in the context of neural biology and neuroscience

A

cluster of neurons in CNS

42
Q

describe the brainstem; what type of a processing centre is it

A
  • connector of forebrain and cerebellum to spinal cord
  • processing center for most pairs of cranial nerves, reticular formation
43
Q

what do the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata connect to

A

forebrain; cerebellum; spinal cord, respectively

44
Q

what is reticular formation; what is it important for

A

diffusion network of nuclei which is important in sleep-wake cycles, arousal of cortex and consciousness

45
Q

what does the ANS control

A

regulation of involuntary functions

46
Q

what is the cerebral cortex

A

outermost portion of cerebrum with a thin, convulated layer of gray matter

47
Q

describe gyri and sulci

A

gray matter for cerebral cortex; gyri = bumps, sulci = grooves

48
Q

describe the neural processing in the cerebral cortex

A

highest level:
- perception of environment
- formulation of ideas
- recall of past events
- command of body movement
- complex integrating center

49
Q

how can we divide the cerebral cortex and their relative locations

A

frontal lobe (front away from brainstem), parietal lobe (top of rounded part), occipital lobe (very back of brain), temporal lobe closest to brainstem and cerebellum

50
Q

the cerebral cortex can be divided into functional areas that may cross lobes and cause it to have multiple functions. what are the main subdivisions we are to focus on?

A

broca’s area, primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, primary visual cortex, wernicke’s area

51
Q

what is the function of the primary motor cortex

A

voluntary movement

52
Q

what is the function of broca’s area

A

speech formation

53
Q

what is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex

A

somesthetic sensations and proprioception

54
Q

what is the function of the primary visual cortex

A

vision

55
Q

what is the function of Wernicke’s area

A

language comprehension

56
Q

what is the topographic organization of the cerebral cortex

A

based on mapping the brain by function; the brain is divided into the sensory cortex and the motor cortex and human body parts are aligned along the edge. their size describe how much of a focus it is for that area

57
Q

what are cortical association areas, function

A

part of the brain that performs complex processing, requiring information from primary cortical areas for integration
- ex walking in the park and deciding whether to help someone based on how they call for help

58
Q

what is brain lateralization, is it absolute

A

right and left brain have their ‘specializations’; not absolute b/c can be opposite for some people, sensory and motor pathways cross

59
Q

what is generally said to be controlled by right side of brain, left side?

A

creativity, spatial perception

logic, analytical abilities, language

60
Q

what are the important parts of the diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, suprachiasmatic nucleus

61
Q

what is the function of the thalamus

A
  • integrates of sensory and motor info
  • sensory relay to cortex
62
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus

A

integrating sensor for motor and sensory info
- communicates with ANS
- food intake
- thermoregulation
- neuroendocrine

63
Q

what is the purpose of the suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

circadian rhythms, pineal gland

64
Q

what are the structures of the limbic system

A

amygdala, hippocampus, fornix, cingulate gyrus, parts of the thalamus and hypothalamus

65
Q

what are the functions of the limbic system

A

learning, emotions, behaviour

BIOL 2010 (18 decks)

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